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The minimum weight matching (MWM) and maximum likelihood decoding (MLD) are two widely used and distinct decoding strategies for quantum error correction. For a given syndrome, the MWM decoder finds the most probable physical error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Mao Lin

Syndrome decoding is an integral but computationally demanding step in the implementation of quantum error correction for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Here, we report the development and benchmarking of Artificial Neural Network (ANN)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-10 Brhyeton Hall , Spiro Gicev , Muhammad Usman

Decoders are a critical component of fault-tolerant quantum computing. They must identify errors based on syndrome measurements to correct quantum states. While finding the optimal correction is NP-hard and thus extremely difficult,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-30 Nirupam Basak , Ankith Mohan , Andrew Tanggara , Tobias Haug , Goutam Paul , Kishor Bharti

High-fidelity decoding of quantum error correction codes relies on an accurate experimental model of the physical errors occurring in the device. Because error probabilities can depend on the context of the applied operations, the error…

Quantum error correction plays an important role in fault-tolerant quantum information processing. It is usually difficult to experimentally realize quantum error correction, as it requires multiple qubits and quantum gates with high…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-10 Qihao Guo , Yuan-Yuan Zhao , Markus Grassl , Xinfang Nie , Guo-Yong Xiang , Tao Xin , Zhang-Qi Yin , Bei Zeng

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) is typically viewed as a suite of practical techniques for today's noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices, with limited relevance once fault-tolerant quantum computers become available. In this work, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-11 Zeyuan Zhou , Shaun Pexton , Aleksander Kubica , Yongshan Ding

The fragile nature of quantum information limits our ability to construct large quantities of quantum bits suitable for quantum computing. An important goal, therefore, is to minimize the amount of resources required to implement quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-11 Adam Paetznick , Austin G. Fowler

Recent developments in the field of deep learning have motivated many researchers to apply these methods to problems in quantum information. Torlai and Melko first proposed a decoder for surface codes based on neural networks. Since then,…

Scaling quantum computing to practical applications necessitates reliable quantum error correction. Although numerous correction codes have been proposed, the overall correction efficiency critically limited by the decode algorithms. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-04 Gengyuan Hu , Wanli Ouyang , Chao-Yang Lu , Chen Lin , Han-Sen Zhong

We introduce a flexible and graphically intuitive framework that constructs complex quantum error correction codes from simple codes or states, generalizing code concatenation. More specifically, we represent the complex code constructions…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-13 ChunJun Cao , Brad Lackey

Coded computing has emerged as a promising framework for tackling significant challenges in large-scale distributed computing, including the presence of slow, faulty, or compromised servers. In this approach, each worker node processes a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Parsa Moradi , Behrooz Tahmasebi , Mohammad Ali Maddah-Ali

Hinging on ideas from physical-layer network coding, some promising proposals of coded random access systems seek to improve system performance (while preserving low complexity) by means of packet repetitions and decoding of linear…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-05-30 Adriano Pastore , Paul de Kerret , Monica Navarro , David Gregoratti , David Gesbert

We propose a new decoder for "matchable'' qLDPC codes that uses a Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm - called the worm algorithm - to approximately compute the probabilities of logical error classes given a syndrome. The algorithm hence…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-20 Zac Tobias , Nikolas P. Breuckmann , Benedikt Placke

Recent progress in quantum computing has enabled systems with tens of reliable logical qubits, built from thousands of noisy physical qubits. However, many impactful applications demand quantum computations with millions of logical qubits,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Daiki Komoto , Kenta Kasai

Quantum error correction (QEC) is often implemented on hardware that experiences biased noise, where dephasing errors occur more frequently than other errors. This has motivated many recent efforts to develop bias-tailored QEC codes, such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Arianna Meinking , Julie Campos , Kenneth R. Brown

The decoding of error syndromes of surface codes with classical algorithms may slow down quantum computation. To overcome this problem it is possible to implement decoding algorithms based on artificial neural networks. This work reports a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 Simone Bordoni , Stefano Giagu

We present an algorithm for error correction in topological codes that exploits modern machine learning techniques. Our decoder is constructed from a stochastic neural network called a Boltzmann machine, of the type extensively used in deep…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-20 Giacomo Torlai , Roger G. Melko

Quantum computers hold the promise of solving computational problems which are intractable using conventional methods. For fault-tolerant operation quantum computers must correct errors occurring due to unavoidable decoherence and limited…

This is an expository article aiming to introduce the reader to the underlying mathematics and geometry of quantum error correction. Information stored on quantum particles is subject to noise and interference from the environment. Quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-10 Simeon Ball , Aina Centelles , Felix Huber

Quantum error correction is essential for realizing scalable quantum computation. Among various approaches, low-density parity-check codes over higher-order Galois fields have shown promising performance due to their structured sparsity and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-19 Kenta Kasai