Related papers: Bell's local causality is a d-separation criterion

Many of the heated arguments about the meaning of "Bell's theorem" arise because this phrase can refer to two different theorems that John Bell proved, the first in 1964 and the second in 1976. His 1964 theorem is the incompatibility of…

Pearl's d-separation is a foundational notion to study conditional independence between random variables. We define the topological conditional separation and we show that it is equivalent to the d-separation, extended beyond acyclic…

The demonstration and use of nonlocality, as defined by Bell's theorem, rely strongly on dealing with non-detection events due to losses and detectors' inefficiencies. Otherwise, the so-called detection loophole could be exploited. The only…

Bell's theorem is 50 years old. Still there is a controversy about its implications. Much of it has its roots in confusion regarding the premises from which the theorem can be derived. Some claim that a derivation of Bell's inequalities…

We present a linear program that is capable of determining whether a set of correlations can be captured by a local realistic model. If the correlations can be described by such a model, the linear program outputs a joint probability…

Ensuring safe operation of safety-critical complex systems interacting with their environment poses significant challenges, particularly when the system's world model relies on machine learning algorithms to process the perception input. A…

Discrimination discovery from data is an important task aiming at identifying patterns of illegal and unethical discriminatory activities against protected-by-law groups, e.g., ethnic minorities. While any legally-valid proof of…

Testing whether a probability distribution is compatible with a given Bayesian network is a fundamental task in the field of causal inference, where Bayesian networks model causal relations. Here we consider the class of causal structures…

In a Bell experiment, it is natural to seek a causal account of correlations wherein only a common cause acts on the outcomes. For this causal structure, Bell inequality violations can be explained only if causal dependencies are modelled…

From gravity to electromagnetism, apparent action at a distance has always been resolved by deeper, local explanations. Yet today, Bell's theorem is widely interpreted as the death knell for local reality. In this chapter, I present the…

The principle of non-violation of "information causality", has been proposed as one of the foundational properties of nature\cite{nature}. The main goal of the paper is to explore the gap between quantum mechanical correlations and those…

"Bell's theorem" can refer to two different theorems that John Bell proved, the first in 1964 and the second in 1976. His 1964 theorem is the incompatibility of quantum phenomena with the joint assumptions of Locality and Predetermination.…

Network nonlocality extends Bell nonlocality to settings with multiple independent sources and parties. Certifying it in quantum information processing tasks requires suitable witnesses. However, in contrast to local correlations, the set…

Bell's test, initially devised to distinguish quantum theory from local hidden variable models through {violations of local bounds}, is also a common tool for detecting entanglement. For this purpose, one can assume the quantum description…

The apparent nonlocality of quantum theory has been a persistent concern. Einstein et. al. (1935) and Bell (1964) emphasized the apparent nonlocality arising from entanglement correlations. While some interpretations embrace this…

Causal disentanglement aims to uncover a representation of data using latent variables that are interrelated through a causal model. Such a representation is identifiable if the latent model that explains the data is unique. In this paper,…

The problem of causality is analyzed in the context of Local Quantum Field Theory. Contrary to recent claims, it is shown that apparent noncausal behaviour is due to a lack of the notion of sharp localizability for a relativistic quantum…

The problem of characterizing classical and quantum correlations in networks is considered. Contrary to the usual Bell scenario, where distant observers share a physical system emitted by one common source, a network features several…

Some properties of physical systems can be characterized from their correlations. In that framework, subsystems are viewed as abstract devices that receive measurement settings as inputs and produce measurement outcomes as outputs. The…

It is a common misconception that spacetime discreteness necessarily implies a violation of local Lorentz invariance. In fact, in the causal set approach to quantum gravity, Lorentz invariance follows from the specific implementation of the…