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Conflict-free replicated data types (CRDTs) are a promising tool for designing scalable, coordination-free distributed systems. However, constructing correct CRDTs is difficult, posing a challenge for even seasoned developers. As a result,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-09-23 Shadaj Laddad , Conor Power , Mae Milano , Alvin Cheung , Joseph M. Hellerstein

Um CRDT \'e um tipo de dados que pode ser replicado e modificado concorrentemente sem coordena\c{c}\~ao, garantindo-se a converg\^encia das r\'eplicas atrav\'es da resolu\c{c}\~ao autom\'atica de conflitos. Cada CRDT implementa uma…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-03-11 André Rijo , Carla Ferreira , Nuno Preguiça

CRDTs are distributed data types that make eventual consistency of a distributed object possible and non ad-hoc. Specifically, state-based CRDTs ensure convergence through disseminating the entire state, that may be large, and merging it to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-10-17 Paulo Sérgio Almeida , Ali Shoker , Carlos Baquero

CRDTs are distributed data types that make eventual consistency of a distributed object possible and non ad-hoc. Specifically, state-based CRDTs ensure convergence through disseminating the en- tire state, that may be large, and merging it…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2015-03-04 Paulo Sérgio Almeida , Ali Shoker , Carlos Baquero

A conflict-free replicated data type (CRDT) is an abstract data type, with a well defined interface, designed to be replicated at multiple processes and exhibiting the following properties: (1) any replica can be modified without…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-06-22 Nuno Preguiça , Carlos Baquero , Marc Shapiro

Conflict-Free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) for JSON allow users to concurrently update a JSON document and automatically merge the updates into a consistent state. Moving a subtree in a map or reordering elements in a list within a JSON…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Liangrun Da , Martin Kleppmann

Undo and redo functionality is ubiquitous in collaboration software. In single user settings, undo and redo are well understood. However, when multiple users edit a document, concurrency may arise, leading to a non-linear operation history.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Leo Stewen , Martin Kleppmann

Trees are fundamental data structure for many areas of computer science and system engineering. In this report, we show how to ensure eventual consistency of optimistically replicated trees. In optimistic replication, the different replicas…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-01-10 Stéphane Martin , Mehdi Ahmed-Nacer , Pascal Urso

Consensus protocols are fundamental in distributed systems as they enable software with strong consistency properties. However, designing optimized protocols for specific use-cases under certain system assumptions is typically a laborious…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Julian Haas , Ragnar Mogk , Annette Bieniusa , Mira Mezini

Optimal transport (OT) is a powerful geometric and probabilistic tool for finding correspondences and measuring similarity between two distributions. Yet, its original formulation relies on the existence of a cost function between the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-11-09 Ievgen Redko , Titouan Vayer , Rémi Flamary , Nicolas Courty

A collaboration framework is a distributed system that serves as the data layer for a collaborative app. Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) are a promising theoretical technique for implementing collaboration frameworks. However,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Matthew Weidner , Huairui Qi , Maxime Kjaer , Ria Pradeep , Benito Geordie , Yicheng Zhang , Gregory Schare , Xuan Tang , Sicheng Xing , Heather Miller

Geo-distributed systems often replicate data at multiple locations to achieve availability and performance despite network partitions. These systems must accept updates at any replica and propagate these updates asynchronously to every…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-03-18 Constantin Enea , Suha Orhun Mutluergil , Gustavo Petri , Chao Wang

Chronofold is a replicated data structure for versioned text. It is designed for use in collaborative editors and revision control systems. Past models of this kind either retrofitted local linear orders to a distributed system (the OT…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-04-27 Victor Grishchenko , Mikhail Patrakeev

Decision Transformers (DT) play a crucial role in modern reinforcement learning, leveraging offline datasets to achieve impressive results across various domains. However, DT requires high-quality, comprehensive data to perform optimally.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Minh Hoang Nguyen , Linh Le Pham Van , Thommen George Karimpanal , Sunil Gupta , Hung Le

Replication ensures data availability in fault-prone distributed systems. The celebrated CAP theorem stipulates that replicas cannot guarantee both strong consistency and availability under network partitions. A popular alternative, adopted…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Petr Kuznetsov , Maxence Perion , Sara Tucci-Piergiovanni

Internet-scale distributed systems often replicate data at multiple geographic locations to provide low latency and high availability, despite node and network failures. Geo-replicated systems that adopt a weak consistency model allow…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-06-28 Nuno Preguiça

Distributed systems adopt weak consistency to ensure high availability and low latency, but state convergence is hard to guarantee due to conflicts. Experts carefully design replicated data types (RDTs) that resemble sequential data types…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Kevin De Porre , Carla Ferreira , Elisa Gonzalez Boix

Internet-scale distributed systems often replicate data at multiple geographic locations to provide low latency and high availability. The Conflict-free Replicated Data Type (CRDT) is a framework that provides a principled approach to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Yuqi Zhang , Yu Huang , Hengfeng Wei , Xiaoxing Ma

In this article we study the properties of distributed systems that mix eventual and strong consistency. We formalize such systems through acute cloud types (ACTs), abstractions similar to conflict-free replicated data types (CRDTs), which…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-01-15 Maciej Kokociński , Tadeusz Kobus , Paweł T. Wojciechowski

We present for the first time a complete solution to the problem of proving the correctness of a concurrency control algorithm for collaborative text editors against the standard consistency model. The success of our approach stems from the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-06-12 James Smith