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A grid-based real-space implementation of the Projector Augmented Wave (PAW) method of P. E. Blochl [Phys. Rev. B 50, 17953 (1994)] for Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations is presented. The use of uniform 3D real-space grids for…

Materials Science · Physics 2009-11-10 J. J. Mortensen , L. B. Hansen , K. W. Jacobsen

Accurate large-scale Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT) calculations are essential for modeling complex material systems, including interfaces, defects, nanoclusters, and twisted two-dimensional heterostructures. Achieving chemical…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-04-30 Kartick Ramakrishnan , Phani Motamarri

In the Projector Augmented Wave (PAW) method, a local potential, basis functions, and projector functions form an All-Electron (AE) basis for valence wave functions in the application of Density Functional Theory (DFT). The construction of…

Materials Science · Physics 2010-08-05 R. J. Snow , A. F. Wright , C. Y. Fong

In this work, we present a computationally efficient methodology that utilizes a local real-space formulation of the projector augmented wave (PAW) method discretized with a finite-element (FE) basis to enable accurate and large-scale…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-01-03 Kartick Ramakrishnan , Sambit Das , Phani Motamarri

We present an implementation of localized atomic orbital basis sets in the projector augmented wave (PAW) formalism within the density functional theory (DFT). The implementation in the real-space GPAW code provides a complementary basis…

We present a computational scheme for orbital-free density functional theory (OFDFT) that simultaneously provides access to all-electron values and preserves the OFDFT linear scaling as a function of the system size. Using the projector…

Computational Physics · Physics 2014-12-23 J. Lehtomäki , I. Makkonen , M. A. Caro , A. Harju , O. Lopez-Acevedo

The projector augmented wave (PAW) method of Bl\"ochl linearly maps smooth pseudo wavefunctions to the highly oscillatory all-electron DFT orbitals. Compared to norm-conserving pseudopotentials (NCPP), PAW has the advantage of lower kinetic…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2023-12-25 Minh Nguyen , Tim Duong , Daniel Neuhauser

The purpose of this text is to give a self-contained description of the basic theory of the projector augmented-wave (PAW) method, as well as most of the details required to make the method work in practice. These two topics are covered in…

Materials Science · Physics 2009-10-13 Carsten Rostgaard

Quantum simulation of materials is a promising application area of quantum computers. To practically realize this promise, we must reduce quantum resources while maintaining accuracy. In electronic structure calculations on classical…

We present a Projector Augmented-Wave~(PAW) method based on a wavelet basis set. We implemented our wavelet-PAW method as a PAW library in the ABINIT package [http://www.abinit.org] and into BigDFT [http://www.bigdft.org]. We test our…

Materials Science · Physics 2016-10-12 Tonatiuh Rangel , Damien Caliste , Luigi Genovese , Marc Torrent

In this article, a numerical analysis of the projector augmented-wave (PAW) method is presented, restricted to the case of dimension one with Dirac potentials modeling the nuclei in a periodic setting. The PAW method is widely used in…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-01-02 Mi-Song Dupuy

First-principles density functional theory (DFT) with plane wave (PW) basis set is the most widely used method in quantum mechanical material simulations due to its advantages in accuracy and universality. However, a perceived drawback of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Qingcai Jiang , Zhenwei Cao , Junshi Chen , Xinming Qin , Wei Hu , Hong An , Jinlong Yang

The Projected Augmented Waves (PAW) method is based on a linear transformation between the pseudo wavefunctions and the all electron wavefunctions. To obtain high accuracy with this method, it is important that the local part of the linear…

Other Condensed Matter · Physics 2025-04-15 Garry Goldstein

We present an implementation of the linear density response function within the projector-augmented wave (PAW) method with applications to the linear optical and dielectric properties of both solids, surfaces, and interfaces. The response…

Materials Science · Physics 2011-06-28 Jun Yan , Jens. J. Mortensen , Karsten W. Jacobsen , Kristian S. Thygesen

The dense output projection in multi head attention scales quadratically with model dimension, contributing significantly to parameter count, memory footprint, and inference cost. We propose replacing this projection with a fixed, parameter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Shubham Aggarwal , Lokendra Kumar

We present a differentiation framework for plane-wave density-functional theory (DFT) that combines the strengths of forward-mode algorithmic differentiation (AD) and density-functional perturbation theory (DFPT). In the resulting AD-DFPT…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-12-23 Niklas Frederik Schmitz , Bruno Ploumhans , Michael F. Herbst

Structure factors obtained from diffraction experiments are one of the most important quantities for characterizing the electronic and structural properties of materials. Methods for calculating this quantity from plane-wave density…

Materials Science · Physics 2022-09-27 Benjamin X. Shi , Rebecca J. Nicholls , Jonathan R. Yates

We have developed an efficient computational scheme utilizing the real-space finite-difference formalism and the projector augmented-wave (PAW) method to perform precise first-principles electronic-structure simulations based on the density…

In this work we present a new method for basis set generation for electronic structure calculations of crystalline solids. This procedure is aimed at applications to Density Functional Theory (DFT). In this construction, Energy Window…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-07-16 Garry Goldstein

Projection-based embedding provides a simple, robust, and accurate approach for describing a small part of a chemical system at the level of a correlated wavefunction method while the remainder of the system is described at the level of…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2019-08-21 Sebastian J. R. Lee , Feizhi Ding , Frederick R. Manby , Thomas F. Miller
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