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We present a generic model of (non-destructive) quantum measurement. Being formulated within reversible quantum mechanics, the model illustrates a mechanism of a measurement process --- a transition of the measured system to an eigenstate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-06 Karl-Erik Eriksson , Martin Cederwall , Kristian Lindgren , Erik Sjöqvist

A recently proposed model of the Dirac electron, which describes observed properties of the particle correctly, is in the present paper shown to be also able to explain quantum interference by classical probabilities. According to this…

General Physics · Physics 2019-05-01 Arend Niehaus

The double-slit experiment has become a classic thought experiment, for its clarity in expressing the central puzzle of quantum mechanics -- wave-particle complementarity. Such wave-particle duality continues to be challenged and…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2019-06-26 Wangmei Zha , Lijuan Ruan , Zebo Tang , Zhangbu Xu , Shuai Yang

Young's classic double-slit experiment demonstrates the reality of interference when waves and particles travel simultaneously along two different spatial paths. Here, we propose a double-slit experiment in momentum space, realized in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-18 I. P. Ivanov , D. Seipt , A. Surzhykov , S. Fritzsche

Born's rule is the recipe for calculating probabilities from quantum mechanical amplitudes. There is no generally accepted derivation of Born's rule from first principles. In this paper, it is motivated from assumptions that link the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-05 Per Östborn

We model quantum measurement of a two-level system $\mu$. Previous obstacles for understanding the measurement process are removed by basing the analysis of the interaction between $\mu$ and the measurement device on quantum field theory.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-02 Karl-Erik Eriksson , Kristian Lindgren

We formulate the Schr\"odinger equation as the equation of motion of a small external influence which serves as the initial boundary condition of a physical system in classical laboratory space. The Hilbert space of possible external…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-04-12 R. Schuster

Quantum mechanics has lacked a widely recognized interpretation since its birth. Many of these are still under consideration because interpretations are tough or impossible to disprove experimentally. We show how to distinguish…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-29 Jakub M. Ratajczak

The notion of probability plays a crucial role in quantum mechanics. It appears in quantum mechanics as the Born rule. In modern mathematics which describes quantum mechanics, however, probability theory means nothing other than measure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-22 Kohtaro Tadaki

Quantum theory has evolved from a set of provisional rules to an indispensable framework that underlies much of modern technology and infrastructure. Yet, after a century, Born's probability postulate remains at odds with the theory's…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-19 Lionel Brits

In this paper we will be concerned with the explanation of the interference and diffraction patterns observed as an outcome of the Young double slit experiment. We will show that such explanation may be given {\it only} in terms of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 L. S. F. Olavo

We present experimental results demonstrating the quantum interference of two photons distinguishable in their transverse momenta, each entering the input ports of a balanced beam splitter. This counterintuitive interference effect is made…

The measurement problem of quantum mechanics concerns the question under which circumstances coherent wave evolution becomes disrupted to produce eigenstates of observables, instead of evolving superpositions of eigenstates. The problem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-18 Rainer Dick

Recently a new attempt to go beyond quantum mechanics (QM) was presented in the form of so called prequantum classical statistical field theory (PCSFT). Its main experimental prediction is violation of Born's rule which provides only an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Andrei Khrennikov

Although position and time have different mathematical roles in quantum mechanics, with one being an operator and the other being a parameter, there is a space-time duality in quantum phenomena: a lot of quantum phenomena that were first…

It is shown how state-of-the-art attosecond photoionization experiments can test Born's rule -- a postulate of quantum mechanics -- via the so-called Sorkin test. A simulation of the Sorkin test under consideration of typical experimental…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-17 Peter Robert Förderer , Andreas Buchleitner , David Busto , Christoph Dittel

While the Born rule is traditionally introduced as a separate postulate of quantum mechanics, we show it emerges naturally from a modified Schr\"odinger equation that includes "small-signal truncation". This parallels the way quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-19 Martin Weidner

Although electrons and photons produce the same interference patterns in the two-slit experiments, the description of these patters is markedly different. This difference was analyzed by Bohm. Later on Sanz and Miret-Artes and others were…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-03-16 Arkady L. Kholodenko

Quantum superposition is the heart of quantum mechanics as mentioned by Dirac and Feynman. In an interferometric system, single photon self-interference has been intensively studied over the last several decades in both quantum and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-21 S. Kim , B. S. Ham

We present a simple classical (random) signal model reproducing Born's rule. The crucial point of our approach is that the presence of detector's threshold and calibration procedure have to be treated not as simply experimental…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-03 Andrei Khrennikov , Börje Nilsson , Sven Nordebo
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