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We investigate congestion-aware control of quantum repeater nodes operating under stochastic traffic and finite memory coherence. Entanglement generation is modeled as a probabilistic process producing Werner states subject to depolarizing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Nicolò Lo Piparo , William J. Munro , Kae Nemoto

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) networks harness the principles of quantum physics in order to securely transmit cryptographic key material, providing physical guarantees. These networks require traditional management and operational…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Jorge López , Charalampos Chatzinakis , Marc Cartigny

Quantum entanglement is a crucial element of establishing the entangled network structure of the quantum Internet. Here we define a method to achieve controlled entanglement access in the quantum Internet. The proposed model defines…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-02 Laszlo Gyongyosi , Sandor Imre

Quantum physics is known to allow for completely new ways to create, manipulate and store information. Quantum communication - the ability to transmit quantum information - is a primitive necessary for any quantum internet. At its core,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-06-19 W. J. Munro , A. M. Stephens , S. J. Devitt , K. A. Harrison , Kae Nemoto

The Quantum Internet is still in its infancy, yet identifying scalable and resilient quantum network resource states is an essential task for realizing it. We explore the use of graph states with flexible, non-trivial qubit-to-node…

Quantum networks rely on the efficient distribution of entanglement to enable long-distance quantum communication and information processing. A key challenge in these networks is the design of routing protocols capable of maintaining high…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Javier Vecino Peñas , Ana Fernández-Vilas , Rebeca P. Díaz-Redondo , Sergio Gándara Gándara , Manuel Fernández-Veiga

Remote quantum entanglement can enable numerous applications including distributed quantum computation, secure communication, and precision sensing. In this paper, we consider how a quantum network-nodes equipped with limited quantum…

The past decade has seen tremendous progress in experimentally realizing the building blocks of quantum repeaters. Repeater architectures with multiplexed quantum memories have been proposed to increase entanglement distribution rates, but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-26 Yuan Lee , Eric Bersin , Axel Dahlberg , Stephanie Wehner , Dirk Englund

A significant number of servers that constitute the Internet are to provide private data via private communication channels to mutually anonymous registered users. Such are the servers of banks, hospitals that provide cloud storage and many…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-02 Omer Sakarya , Marek Winczewski , Adam Rutkowski , Karol Horodecki

We define a nature-inspired model for entanglement optimization in the quantum Internet. The optimization model aims to maximize the entanglement fidelity and relative entropy of entanglement for the entangled connections of the entangled…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Laszlo Gyongyosi , Sandor Imre

Entanglement generation in long-distance quantum networks is a difficult process due to resource limitations and the probabilistic nature of entanglement swapping. To maximize success probability, existing quantum routing algorithms employ…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Tasdiqul Islam , Md Arifuzzaman , Engin Arslan

With the advantages of high-speed parallel processing, quantum computers can efficiently solve large-scale complex optimization problems in future networks. However, due to the uncertain qubit fidelity and quantum channel noise, distributed…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Napat Ngoenriang , Minrui Xu , Jiawen Kang , Dusit Niyato , Han Yu , Xuemin , Shen

A quantum internet holds promise for achieving distributed quantum sensing and large-scale quantum computer networks, as well as quantum communication among arbitrary clients all over the globe. The main building block is efficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-19 Koji Azuma

Future quantum networks will enable the interconnection of multiple users distributed across vast geographic distances. Due to these large separations and limited physical resources, communication will often rely on multi-path routing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-05 Nicolò Lo Piparo , William J. Munro , Kae Nemoto

Developing and deploying advanced Quantum Repeater (QR) technologies will be necessary to scale quantum networks to longer distances. Depending on the error mitigation mechanisms adopted to suppress loss and errors, QRs are typically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-30 Chuen Hei Chan , Charu Jain , Ezra Kissel , Wenji Wu , Edwin Barnes , Sophia E. Economou , Inder Monga

Qubit transmission protocols are presently point-to-point, and thus restrictive in their functionality. A quantum router is necessary for the quantum Internet to become a reality. We present a quantum router design based on teleportation,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-03-19 Bernardo A. Huberman , Bob Lund

Building large-scale quantum communication networks has its unique challenges. Here, we demonstrate that a network-wide synergistic usage of quantum memories distributed in a quantum communication network offers a fundamental advantage. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-17 Xiangyi Meng , Nicolò Lo Piparo , Kae Nemoto , István A. Kovács

Quantum networks play an extremely important role in quantum information science, with application to quantum communication, computation, metrology and fundamental tests. One of the key challenges for implementing a quantum network is to…

The key objective of the Quantum Internet is the distribution and manipulation of entanglement to enable unprecedented applications. This requires a radical departure from classical Internet design principles, such as the end-to-end…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-08 Marcello Caleffi , Angela Sara Cacciapuoti

We develop new routing algorithms for a quantum network with noisy quantum devices such that each can store a small number of qubits. We thereby consider two models for the operation of such a network. The first is a continuous model, in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-29 Kaushik Chakraborty , Filip Rozpedek , Axel Dahlberg , Stephanie Wehner