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Ultrasound imaging is challenging to interpret due to non-uniform intensities, low contrast, and inherent artifacts, necessitating extensive training for non-specialists. Advanced representation with clear tissue structure separation could…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Oleksandra Tmenova , Yordanka Velikova , Mahdi Saleh , Nassir Navab

Computer-aided diagnosis via deep learning relies on large-scale annotated data sets, which can be costly when involving expert knowledge. Semi-supervised learning (SSL) mitigates this challenge by leveraging unlabeled data. One effective…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-25 Prashnna Kumar Gyawali , Sandesh Ghimire , Pradeep Bajracharya , Zhiyuan Li , Linwei Wang

For semi-supervised learning with imbalance classes, the long-tailed distribution of data will increase the model prediction bias toward dominant classes, undermining performance on less frequent classes. Existing methods also face…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-10 Kuo Yang , Duo Li , Menghan Hu , Guangtao Zhai , Xiaokang Yang , Xiao-Ping Zhang

Continual Learning (CL) is recently gaining increasing attention for its ability to enable a single model to learn incrementally from a sequence of new classes. In this scenario, it is important to keep consistent predictive performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Giuseppe Serra , Florian Buettner

Despite their incredible performance, it is well reported that deep neural networks tend to be overoptimistic about their prediction confidence. Finding effective and efficient calibration methods for neural networks is therefore an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Lucas Clarté , Bruno Loureiro , Florent Krzakala , Lenka Zdeborová

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) uses unlabeled data to improve the performance of machine learning models when labeled data is scarce. However, its real-world applications often face the label distribution mismatch problem, in which the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Jinsoo Bae , Seoung Bum Kim , Hyungrok Do

Various convolutional neural network (CNN) based concepts have been introduced for the prostate's automatic segmentation and its coarse subdivision into transition zone (TZ) and peripheral zone (PZ). However, when targeting a fine-grained…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-09 Anneke Meyer , Suhita Ghosh , Daniel Schindele , Martin Schostak , Sebastian Stober , Christian Hansen , Marko Rak

Class probabilities predicted by most multiclass classifiers are uncalibrated, often tending towards over-confidence. With neural networks, calibration can be improved by temperature scaling, a method to learn a single corrective…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Meelis Kull , Miquel Perello-Nieto , Markus Kängsepp , Telmo Silva Filho , Hao Song , Peter Flach

In critical decision support systems based on medical imaging, the reliability of AI-assisted decision-making is as relevant as predictive accuracy. Although deep learning models have demonstrated significant accuracy, they frequently…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Hua Xu , Julián D. Arias-Londoño , Juan I. Godino-Llorente

In deep learning-based classification tasks, the softmax function's temperature parameter $T$ critically influences the output distribution and overall performance. This study presents a novel theoretical insight that the optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Tatsuhito Hasegawa , Shunsuke Sakai

Deep Neural Networks have significantly impacted many computer vision tasks. However, their effectiveness diminishes when test data distribution (target domain) deviates from the one of training data (source domain). In situations where…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Andrea Maracani , Lorenzo Rosasco , Lorenzo Natale

Unsupervised representation learning approaches aim to learn discriminative feature representations from unlabeled data, without the requirement of annotating every sample. Enabling unsupervised representation learning is extremely crucial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-04 Qianwen Meng , Hangwei Qian , Yong Liu , Yonghui Xu , Zhiqi Shen , Lizhen Cui

The effectiveness of large language models (LLMs) is not only measured by their ability to generate accurate outputs but also by their calibration-how well their confidence scores reflect the probability of their outputs being correct.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Johnathan Xie , Annie S. Chen , Yoonho Lee , Eric Mitchell , Chelsea Finn

Although deep neural networks yield high classification accuracy given sufficient training data, their predictions are typically overconfident or under-confident, i.e., the prediction confidences cannot truly reflect the accuracy. Post-hoc…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Jiexin Wang , Jiahao Chen , Bing Su

Test-Time Scaling (TTS) is a promising approach to progressively elicit the model's intelligence during inference. Recently, training-based TTS methods, such as continued reinforcement learning (RL), have further surged in popularity, while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Kaiyan Chang , Yonghao Shi , Chenglong Wang , Hang Zhou , Chi Hu , Xiaoqian Liu , Yingfeng Luo , Yuan Ge , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

The calibration for deep neural networks is currently receiving widespread attention and research. Miscalibration usually leads to overconfidence of the model. While, under the condition of long-tailed distribution of data, the problem of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Jialin Guo , Zhenyu Wu , Zhiqiang Zhan , Yang Ji

Conformal prediction is an emerging technique for uncertainty quantification that constructs prediction sets guaranteed to contain the true label with a predefined probability. Previous works often employ temperature scaling to calibrate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Huajun Xi , Jianguo Huang , Kangdao Liu , Lei Feng , Hongxin Wei

State-of-the-art deep learning models are often trained with a large amount of costly labeled training data. However, requiring exhaustive manual annotations may degrade the model's generalizability in the limited-label regime.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-25 Yanbei Chen , Massimiliano Mancini , Xiatian Zhu , Zeynep Akata

Deep neural network (DNN) based salient object detection in images based on high-quality labels is expensive. Alternative unsupervised approaches rely on careful selection of multiple handcrafted saliency methods to generate noisy…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Duc Tam Nguyen , Maximilian Dax , Chaithanya Kumar Mummadi , Thi Phuong Nhung Ngo , Thi Hoai Phuong Nguyen , Zhongyu Lou , Thomas Brox

While existing unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) methods greatly enhance target domain performance in semantic segmentation, they often neglect network calibration quality, resulting in misalignment between prediction confidence and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Wangkai Li , Rui Sun , Zhaoyang Li , Yujia Chen , Tianzhu Zhang