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This paper explores the theoretical limits of using discrete abstractions for nonlinear control synthesis. More specifically, we consider the problem of deciding continuous-time control with temporal logic specifications. We prove that…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-03-18 Jun Liu

We propose a new robustness score for continuous-time Signal Temporal Logic (STL) specifications. Instead of considering only the most severe point along the evolution of the signal, we use average scores to extract more information from…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Noushin Mehdipour , Cristian-Ioan Vasile , Calin Belta

We extend Signal Temporal Logic (STL) to enable the specification of importance and priorities. The extension, called Weighted STL (wSTL), has the same qualitative (Boolean) semantics as STL, but additionally defines weights associated with…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-10-05 Noushin Mehdipour , Cristian-Ioan Vasile , Calin Belta

Autonomous robotic systems require advanced control frameworks to achieve complex temporal objectives that extend beyond conventional stability and trajectory tracking. Signal Temporal Logic (STL) provides a formal framework for specifying…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-29 Kazunobu Serizawa , Kazumune Hashimoto , Wataru Hashimoto , Masako Kishida , Shigemasa Takai

We propose a Reinforcement Learning (RL) based control design framework for handling complex tasks. The approach extends the concept of Reward Machines (RM) with Signal Temporal Logic (STL) formulas that can be used for event generation.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Ana María Gómez Ruiz , Thao Dang , Alexandre Donzé

Many safety-critical systems must achieve high-level task specifications with guaranteed safety and correctness. Much recent progress towards this goal has been made through controller synthesis from signal temporal logic (STL)…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-10-23 Rafael Rodrigues da Silva , Hai Lin

We propose a new specification language and control synthesis technique for single and multi-robot high-level tasks; these tasks include timing constraints and reaction to environmental events. Specifically, we define Event-based Signal…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-04-01 David Gundana , Hadas Kress-Gazit

Ensuring safety and meeting temporal specifications are critical challenges for long-term robotic tasks. Signal temporal logic (STL) has been widely used to systematically and rigorously specify these requirements. However, traditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Yue Meng , Chuchu Fan

In many applications, the integrals and derivatives of signals carry valuable information (e.g., cumulative success over a time window, the rate of change) regarding the behavior of the underlying system. In this paper, we extend the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-29 Ali Tevfik Buyukkocak , Derya Aksaray , Yasin Yazıcıoğlu

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) offers verifiable task specifications and is crucial for safety-critical control. Yet STL planning remains challenging: exact optimization-based methods are often too slow, and learning-based methods struggle to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Bowen Ye , Ancheng Hou , Junyue Huang , Ruijia Liu , Xiang Yin

We consider the problem of controlling a heterogeneous multi-agent system required to satisfy temporal logic requirements. Capability Temporal Logic (CaTL) was recently proposed to formalize such specifications for deploying a team of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-14 Wenliang Liu , Kevin Leahy , Zachary Serlin , Calin Belta

We propose a framework based on Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) to determine an optimal control strategy for a discrete-time system that is required to satisfy specifications given as Signal Temporal Logic (STL) formulae. RNNs can store…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-25 Wenliang Liu , Noushin Mehdipour , Calin Belta

Discrete-time stochastic systems are an essential modelling tool for many engineering systems. We consider stochastic control systems that are evolving over continuous spaces. For this class of models, methods for the formal verification…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-11-29 Sofie Haesaert , Sadegh Soudjani

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is a convenient formalism to express bounded horizon properties of autonomous critical systems. STL extends LTL to real-valued signals and associates a non-singleton bound interval to each temporal operators. In…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Céline Bellanger , Pierre-Loïc Garoche , Matthieu Martel , Célia Picard

We develop a novel decentralized control method for a network of perturbed linear systems with dynamical couplings subject to Signal Temporal Logic (STL) specifications. We first transform the STL requirements into set containment problems…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-04 Kasra Ghasemi , Sadra Sadraddini , Calin Belta

This paper considers the problem of controller synthesis of signal temporal logic (STL) specifications for large-scale multi-agent systems, where the agents are dynamically coupled and subject to collaborative tasks. A compositional…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-18 Siyuan Liu , Adnane Saoud , Dimos V. Dimarogonas

This paper presents a smooth parameterization of continuous-time Signal Temporal Logic (CT-STL) specifications for nonconvex trajectory optimization that is sound and complete up to the accuracy of the underlying numerical integration…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-07 Samet Uzun , Behçet Açıkmeşe

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is a powerful framework for describing the complex temporal and logical behaviour of the dynamical system. Numerous studies have attempted to employ reinforcement learning to learn a controller that enforces STL…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-05 Naman Saxena , Gorantla Sandeep , Pushpak Jagtap

In this work, we present a novel robustness measure for continuous-time stochastic trajectories with respect to Signal Temporal Logic (STL) specifications. We show the soundness of the measure and develop a monitor for reasoning about…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Roland B. Ilyes , Qi Heng Ho , Morteza Lahijanian

We study motion planning under Signal Temporal Logic (STL), a useful formalism for specifying spatial-temporal requirements. We pose STL synthesis as a trajectory optimization problem leveraging the STL robustness semantics. To obtain a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Shaohang Han , Joris Verhagen , Jana Tumova