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Spiking transformers achieve competitive accuracy with conventional transformers while offering $38$-$57\times$ energy efficiency on neuromorphic hardware, yet no theoretical framework guides their design. This paper establishes the first…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Dongxin Guo , Jikun Wu , Siu Ming Yiu

The $k$-cap (or $k$-winners-take-all) process on a graph works as follows: in each iteration, exactly $k$ vertices of the graph are in the cap (i.e., winners); the next round winners are the vertices that have the highest total degree to…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-11-16 Mirabel Reid , Santosh S. Vempala

Temporal neural networks (TNNs) are neuromorphic neural networks that utilize bit-serial temporal coding. TNNs are composed of columns, which in turn employ neurons as their building blocks. Each neuron processes volleys of input spikes,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Devon Lister , Prabhu Vellaisamy , John Paul Shen , Di Wu

This paper is an attempt to incorporate the idea of spiking neural P systems as an early seed into the area of Operating System Design, regarding their capability to solve some classical computer science problems. It is reflecting the power…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2010-12-03 Ammar Adl , Amr Badr , Ibrahim Farag

Our knowledge of the sensory world is encoded by neurons in sequences of discrete, identical pulses termed action potentials or spikes. There is persistent controversy about the extent to which the precise timing of these spikes is relevant…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2007-05-23 Ilya Nemenman , Geoffrey D. Lewen , William Bialek , Rob R. de Ruyter van Steveninck

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are distributed trainable systems whose computing elements, or neurons, are characterized by internal analog dynamics and by digital and sparse synaptic communications. The sparsity of the synaptic spiking…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-08 Hyeryung Jang , Osvaldo Simeone , Brian Gardner , André Grüning

Spike-based encoders represent information as sequences of spikes or pulses, which are transmitted between neurons. A prevailing consensus suggests that spike-based approaches demonstrate exceptional capabilities in capturing the temporal…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-03 MHD Anas Alsakkal , Runze Wang , Jayawan Wijekoon , Huajin Tang

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) that enable low-power design on edge devices have recently attracted significant research. However, the temporal characteristic of SNNs causes high latency, high bandwidth and high energy consumption for the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-05-05 Hong-Han Lien , Chung-Wei Hsu , Tian-Sheuan Chang

In this paper, we consider networks of deterministic spiking neurons, firing synchronously at discrete times; such spiking neural networks are inspired by networks of neurons and synapses that occur in brains. We consider the problem of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Nancy Lynch , Mien Brabeeba Wang

In this paper we present a novel approach to automatically infer parameters of spiking neural networks. Neurons are modelled as timed automata waiting for inputs on a number of different channels (synapses), for a given amount of time (the…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2018-08-07 Elisabetta De Maria , Cinzia Di Giusto , Laetitia Laversa

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have been successfully implemented across various signal processing fields, resulting in significant enhancements in performance. However, DNNs generally require substantial computational resources, leading to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-09 Shuai Wang , Dehao Zhang , Ammar Belatreche , Yichen Xiao , Hongyu Qing , Wenjie We , Malu Zhang , Yang Yang

Bayesian inference provides a principled framework for understanding brain function, while neural activity in the brain is inherently spike-based. This paper bridges these two perspectives by designing spiking neural networks that simulate…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-01-01 Sepideh Adamiat , Wouter M. Kouw , Bert de Vries

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are distributed trainable systems whose computing elements, or neurons, are characterized by internal analog dynamics and by digital and sparse synaptic communications. The sparsity of the synaptic spiking…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-22 Hyeryung Jang , Osvaldo Simeone , Brian Gardner , André Grüning

Inspired by biology, spiking neural networks (SNNs) process information via discrete spikes over time, offering an energy-efficient alternative to the classical computing paradigm and classical artificial neural networks (ANNs). In this…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Shayan Hundrieser , Philipp Tuchel , Insung Kong , Johannes Schmidt-Hieber

Many properties of perceptual decision making are well-modeled by deep neural networks. However, such architectures typically treat decisions as instantaneous readouts, overlooking the temporal dynamics of the decision process. We present…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-25 Hayden R. Johnson , Anastasia N. Krouglova , Hadi Vafaii , Jacob L. Yates , Pedro J. Gonçalves

Sensory stimuli in animals are encoded into spike trains by neurons, offering advantages such as sparsity, energy efficiency, and high temporal resolution. This paper presents a signal processing framework that deterministically encodes…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Anik Chattopadhyay , Arunava Banerjee

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) process time-series data via internal event-driven neural dynamics. The energy consumption of an SNN depends on the number of spikes exchanged between neurons over the course of the input presentation.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Jiechen Chen , Sangwoo Park , Osvaldo Simeone

Principal component analysis (PCA) aims at estimating the direction of maximal variability of a high-dimensional dataset. A natural question is: does this task become easier, and estimation more accurate, when we exploit additional…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2014-06-19 Andrea Montanari , Emile Richard

The characterization of neural responses to sensory stimuli is a central problem in neuroscience. Spike-triggered average (STA), an influential technique, has been used to extract optimal linear kernels in a variety of animal subjects.…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-05-13 Michael Kummer , Arunava Banerjee

A computer model is described which is used to assess the dynamical complexity of a class of networks of spiking neurons with small-world properties. Networks are constructed by forming an initially segregated set of highly intra-connected…

Biological Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Murray Shanahan
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