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Fault-tolerant quantum computing demands many qubits with long lifetimes to conduct accurate quantum gate operations. However, external noise limits the computing time of physical qubits. Quantum error correction codes may extend such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-03 Chungheon Baek , Tomohiro Ostuka , Seigo Tarucha , Byung-Soo Choi

The surface code is one of the most promising candidates for combating errors in large scale fault-tolerant quantum computation. A fault-tolerant decoder is a vital part of the error correction process---it is the algorithm which computes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-15 Fern H. E. Watson , Hussain Anwar , Dan E. Browne

Quantum error correction (QEC) and fault-tolerant (FT) mechanisms are essential for reliable quantum computing. However, QEC considerably increases the computation size up to four orders of magnitude. Moreover, FT implementation has…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-20 L. Lao , B. van Wee , I. Ashraf , J. van Someren , N. Khammassi , K. Bertels , C. G. Almudever

Achieving scalable, fault-tolerant quantum computation requires quantum memory architectures that minimize error correction overhead while preserving coherence. This work presents a framework for high-dimensional qudit memory in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-06 William Boone Samuels

Semiconductor spin qubits are a promising platform for large-scale quantum computing, but have yet to take full advantage of the broad class of quantum low-density parity check (QLDPC) codes, which promise high encoding rates and efficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-29 Jason D. Chadwick , Frederic T. Chong

Exciting progress towards spin-based quantum computing has recently been made with qubits realized using nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) centers in diamond and phosphorus atoms in silicon, including the demonstration of long coherence times made…

Scalable quantum computation demands high-fidelity two-qubit gates. However, decoherence and control errors are inevitable, which can decrease the quality of implemented quantum operations. We propose a robust iSWAP gate protocol for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-12 Qi-Pei Liu , Zheng-Yuan Xue

To build a fault-tolerant quantum computer, it is necessary to implement a quantum error correcting code. Such codes rely on the ability to extract information about the quantum error syndrome while not destroying the quantum information…

In near-term quantum computing devices, connectivity between qubits remain limited by architectural constraints. A computational circuit with given connectivity requirements necessary for multi-qubit gates have to be embedded within…

Hybrid systems comprising superconducting and semiconducting materials are promising architectures for quantum computing. Superconductors induce long-range interactions between the spin degrees of freedom of semiconducting quantum dots.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-16 Maria Spethmann , Stefano Bosco , Andrea Hofmann , Jelena Klinovaja , Daniel Loss

The surface code is a prominent topological error-correcting code exhibiting high fault-tolerance accuracy thresholds. Conventional schemes for error correction with the surface code place qubits on a planar grid and assume native CNOT…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-28 Rui Chao , Michael E. Beverland , Nicolas Delfosse , Jeongwan Haah

Quantum codes excel at correcting local noise but fail to correct leakage faults that excite qubits to states outside the computational space. Aliferis and Terhal have shown that an accuracy threshold exists for leakage faults using gadgets…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-29 Martin Suchara , Andrew W. Cross , Jay M. Gambetta

Quantum Error Correction (QEC) protects qubits against bit- and phase-flip errors in the |0> or |1> subspace, but physical qubits can also leak into higher energy levels (e.g., |2>). Leakage is especially harmful, as it corrupts all…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-30 Chaithanya Naik Mude , Swamit Tannu

Semiconductor quantum dot spin qubits are promising candidates for quantum computing. In these systems, the dynamically corrected gates offer considerable reduction of gate errors and are therefore of great interest both theoretically and…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2016-07-12 Xu-Chen Yang , Xin Wang

Due to the low error tolerance of a qubit, detecting and correcting errors on it is essential for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Surface code (SC) associated with its decoding algorithm is one of the most promising quantum error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-15 Yosuke Ueno , Masaaki Kondo , Masamitsu Tanaka , Yasunari Suzuki , Yutaka Tabuchi

Quantum error correction protects fragile quantum information by encoding it into a larger quantum system. These extra degrees of freedom enable the detection and correction of errors, but also increase the operational complexity of the…

Spin qubits in silicon donors offer a promising platform for quantum computing due to their long coherence times and semiconductor compatibility. However, scaling donor-based spin qubits in silicon is fundamentally challenged by frequency…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-14 Shihang Zhang , Guangchong Hu , Chunhui Zhang , Guanyong Wang , Tao Xin , Yu He , Peihao Huang

Single electron spins confined in silicon quantum dots hold great promise as a quantum computing architecture with demonstrations of long coherence times, high-fidelity quantum logic gates, basic quantum algorithms and device scalability.…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2020-08-12 J. Yoneda , K. Takeda , A. Noiri , T. Nakajima , S. Li , J. Kamioka , T. Kodera , S. Tarucha

Quantum error correction (QEC) requires the execution of deep quantum circuits with large numbers of physical qubits to protect information against errors. Designing protocols that can reduce gate and space-time overheads of QEC is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-15 Laura Pecorari , Sven Jandura , Guido Pupillo

Many systems used for quantum computing possess additional states beyond those defining the qubit. Leakage out of the qubit subspace must be considered when designing quantum error correction codes. Here we consider trapped ion qubits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-03 Natalie C. Brown , Kenneth R. Brown