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Efficient and coherent conversion between microwave and optical signals is crucial for a wide range of applications, from quantum information processing to microwave photonics and radar systems. However, existing conversion techniques rely…

Coherent conversion of microwave and optical photons in the single-quantum level can significantly expand our ability to process signals in various fields. Efficient up-conversion of a feeble signal in the microwave domain to the optical…

The coupling of microwave and optical systems presents an immense challenge due to the natural incompatibility of energies, but potential applications range from optical interconnects for quantum computers to next-generation quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-22 Sebastian Borówka , Uliana Pylypenko , Mateusz Mazelanik , Michał Parniak

The quantum transduction, or equivalently quantum frequency conversion, is vital for the realization of, e.g., quantum networks, distributed quantum computing, and quantum repeaters. The microwave-to-optical quantum transduction is of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Akihiko Sekine , Ryo Murakami , Yoshiyasu Doi

A protocol is discussed which allows one to realize a transducer for single photons between the optical and the microwave frequency range. The transducer is a spin ensemble, where the individual emitters possess both an optical and a…

Low-loss fiber optic links have the potential to connect superconducting quantum processors together over long distances to form large scale quantum networks. A key component of these future networks is a quantum transducer that coherently…

We develop a theoretical description of a device for coherent conversion of microwave to optical photons. For the device, dopant ions in a crystal are used as three-level systems, and interact with the fields inside overlapping microwave…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-06 Peter S. Barnett , Jevon J. Longdell

Frequency conversion between microwave and optical photons is a key enabling technology to create links between superconducting quantum processors and to realize distributed quantum networks. We propose a microwave-optical transduction…

The quantum transduction, or equivalently quantum frequency conversion, between microwave and optical photons is essential for realizing scalable quantum computers with superconducting qubits. Due to the large frequency difference between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-09 Akihiko Sekine , Ryo Murakami , Yoshiyasu Doi

While detection of optical photons is today achieved with very high efficiencies, the detection of microwave fields at the photon level still poses non-trivial experimental challenges. In this Letter we propose a model of microwave…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-10-16 Shabir Barzanjeh , M. C. de Oliveira , Stefano Pirandola

Converting low-frequency electrical signals into much higher frequency optical signals has enabled modern communications networks to leverage both the strengths of microfabricated electrical circuits and optical fiber transmission, allowing…

Coherent interconversion between microwave and optical frequencies can serve as both classical and quantum interfaces for computing, communication, and sensing. Here, we present a compact microwave-optical transducer based on monolithic…

A novel, copper-based plasmonic system is presented to provide optical to microwave photon conversion. The process uses highly excited levels in Cu2O Rydberg excitons and takes advantage of spoof plasmons, which allow for significant…

Optics · Physics 2025-02-19 David Ziemkiewicz , Sylwia Zielińska-Raczyńska

Bidirectional conversion of electrical and optical signals lies at the foundation of the global internet. Such converters are employed at repeater stations to extend the reach of long-haul fiber optic communication systems and within data…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-29 Mohammad Mirhosseini , Alp Sipahigil , Mahmoud Kalaee , Oskar Painter

Stimulated Raman scattering of atoms with $\Lambda$-configuration of levels is a promising tool for transducing microwave photons to optical photons. We consider an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate whose large phase-space density highly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-25 Árpád Kurkó , Péter Domokos , David Petrosyan , András Vukics

Microwave-optical transducers and quantum memories are fundamental components of quantum repeaters, essential for developing a quantum internet in which solid-state quantum computers serve as nodes interconnected by optical fibers for data…

Quantum transduction between microwave and optics can be realized by quantum teleportation if given reliable microwave-optical entanglement, namely entanglement-based quantum transduction. To realize this protocol, an entangled source with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-01 Changchun Zhong , Xu Han , Hong X. Tang , Liang Jiang

Hybrid quantum systems are highly promising platforms for addressing important challenges of quantum information science and quantum sensing. Their implementation, however, is technologically non-trivial, since each component typically has…

Scaling up superconducting quantum processors remains a central challenge for realizing fault-tolerant quantum computation. Although distributed architectures based on optical photons offer a promising route to scalability, they require an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-18 Kyosuke Goto , Hodaka Kurokawa , Hideo Kosaka , Kazuki Koshino

We present an approach to achieve efficient single-photon frequency conversion in the microwave domain based on coherent control in superconducting quantum circuits, which consist of a driven artificial atom coupled to a semi-infinite…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-15 W. Z. Jia , Y. W. Wang , Yu-xi Liu