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Unitary $k$-designs are probabilistic ensembles of unitary matrices whose first $k$ statistical moments match that of the full unitary group endowed with the Haar measure. In prior work, we showed that the automorphism group of classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-27 Xinyu Tan , Narayanan Rengaswamy , Robert Calderbank

Unitary t-designs are some of the most versatile tools in quantum information theory. Their applications range from randomized benchmarking and shadow tomography, to more fundamental ones such as emulating quantum chaos and establishing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-04 Namit Anand , Jeffrey Marshall , Jason Saied , Eleanor Rieffel , Andrea Morello

We have generalized the well-known statement that the Clifford group is a unitary 3-design into symmetric cases by extending the notion of unitary design. Concretely, we have proven that a symmetric Clifford group is a symmetric unitary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-27 Yosuke Mitsuhashi , Nobuyuki Yoshioka

Unitary $k$-designs are finite ensembles of unitary matrices that approximate the Haar distribution over unitary matrices. Several ensembles are known to be 2-designs, including the uniform distribution over the Clifford group, but no…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-10 Zak Webb

Quantum error-correcting codes can be used to protect qubits involved in quantum computation. This requires that logical operators acting on protected qubits be translated to physical operators (circuits) acting on physical quantum states.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-08-20 Narayanan Rengaswamy , Robert Calderbank , Swanand Kadhe , Henry D. Pfister

The Clifford hierarchy is a foundational concept for universal quantum computation (UQC). It was introduced to show that UQC can be realized via quantum teleportation, given access to certain standard resources. While the full structure of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-12 Narayanan Rengaswamy , Robert Calderbank , Henry D. Pfister

We prove that on any two-dimensional lattice of qudits of a prime dimension, every translation invariant Pauli stabilizer group with local generators and with code distance being the linear system size, is decomposed by a local Clifford…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-06 Jeongwan Haah

We describe stabilizer states and Clifford group operations using linear operations and quadratic forms over binary vector spaces. We show how the n-qubit Clifford group is isomorphic to a group with an operation that is defined in terms of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Jeroen Dehaene , Bart De Moor

Unitary $t$-designs are a ubiquitous tool in many research areas, including randomized benchmarking, quantum process tomography, and scrambling. Despite the intensive efforts of many researchers, little is known about unitary $t$-designs…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-09 Huangjun Zhu

Quantum error-correcting codes are used to protect qubits involved in quantum computation. This process requires logical operators, acting on protected qubits, to be translated into physical operators (circuits) acting on physical quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-20 Narayanan Rengaswamy , Robert Calderbank , Swanand Kadhe , Henry D. Pfister

A fundamental problem in fault-tolerant quantum computation is the tradeoff between universality and dimensionality, exemplified by the the Bravyi-K\"onig bound for $n$-dimensional topological stabilizer codes. In this work, we extend…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-21 Ryohei Kobayashi , Guanyu Zhu , Po-Shen Hsin

A unitary t-design is a set of unitaries that is "evenly distributed" in the sense that the average of any t-th order polynomial over the design equals the average over the entire unitary group. In various fields -- e.g. quantum information…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-28 Huangjun Zhu , Richard Kueng , Markus Grassl , David Gross

The two-dimensional color code is an alternative to the toric code that encodes more logical qubits while maintaining crucial features of the $\mathbb{Z}_2\times\mathbb{Z}_2$ toric code in the long wavelength limit. However its short range…

We study the implementation of fault-tolerant logical Clifford gates on stabilizer quantum error correcting codes based on their symmetries. Our approach is to map the stabilizer code to a binary linear code, compute its automorphism group,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-12 Hasan Sayginel , Stergios Koutsioumpas , Mark Webster , Abhishek Rajput , Dan E Browne

Stabilizer states along with Clifford manipulations (unitary transformations and measurements) thereof -- despite being efficiently simulable on a classical computer -- are an important tool in quantum information processing, with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Ashlesha Patil , Saikat Guha

Clifford gates and transformations, which map products of elementary Pauli or Majorana operators to other such products, are foundational in quantum computing, underpinning the stabilizer formalism, error-correcting codes, magic state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Ilias Magoulas , Francesco A. Evangelista

Typical stabilizer codes aim to solve the general problem of fault-tolerance without regard for the structure of a specific system. By incorporating a broader representation-theoretic perspective, we provide a generalized framework that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-30 Zachary P. Bradshaw , Margarite L. LaBorde , Dillon Montero

Classical simulation of quantum circuits plays a crucial role in validating quantum hardware and delineating the boundaries of quantum advantage. Among the most effective simulation techniques are those based on the stabilizer extent, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-23 Giulio Camillo , Filipa C. R. Peres , Markus Heinrich , Juani Bermejo-Vega

The Clifford group plays a central role in quantum information science. It is the building block for many error-correcting schemes and matches the first three moments of the Haar measure over the unitary group -a property that is essential…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-17 Lennart Bittel , Jens Eisert , Lorenzo Leone , Antonio A. Mele , Salvatore F. E. Oliviero

We describe generalizations of the Pauli group, the Clifford group and stabilizer states for qudits in a Hilbert space of arbitrary dimension d. We examine a link with modular arithmetic, which yields an efficient way of representing the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Erik Hostens , Jeroen Dehaene , Bart De Moor
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