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We introduce the Scalable ZX-calculus (SZX-calculus for short), a formal and compact graphical language for the design and verification of quantum computations. The SZX-calculus is an extension of the ZX-calculus, a powerful framework that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-31 Titouan Carette , Dominic Horsman , Simon Perdrix

We introduce a trichromatic graphical calculus for quantum computing. The generators represent three complementary observables that are treated on equal footing, hence reflecting the symmetries of the Bloch sphere. We derive the Euler angle…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2012-10-03 Alex Lang , Bob Coecke

The stabilizer ZX-calculus is a rigorous graphical language for reasoning about quantum mechanics. The language is sound and complete: one can transform a stabilizer ZX-diagram into another one using the graphical rewrite rules if and only…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-22 Miriam Backens , Simon Perdrix , Quanlong Wang

We propose a generalization of the graphical ZH calculus to qudits of prime-power dimensions $q = p^t$, implementing field arithmetic in arbitrary finite fields. This is an extension of a previous result by Roy which implemented arithmetic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-15 Dichuan Gao

Traditional quantum circuit optimization is performed directly at the circuit level. Alternatively, a quantum circuit can be translated to a ZX-diagram which can be simplified using the rules of the ZX-calculus, after which a simplified…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-16 Ryan Krueger

In this paper, we demonstrate a direct correspondence between phase-free ZX diagrams, a graphical notation for representing and manipulating a certain class of linear maps on qubits, and Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) codes, a large family of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-02 Aleks Kissinger

This article presents a novel algorithmic methodology for performing automated diagrammatic deductions over combinatorial structures, using a combination of modified equational theorem-proving techniques and the extended Wolfram model…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-03-31 Jonathan Gorard , Manojna Namuduri , Xerxes D. Arsiwalla

Quantum computers allow a near-exponential speed-up for specific applications when compared to classical computers. Despite recent advances in the hardware of quantum computers, their practical usage is still severely limited due to a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-09 Tobias Fischbach , Pierre Talbot , Pascal Bouvry

The ZX-calculus is a graphical language for reasoning about quantum computation using ZX-diagrams, a certain flexible generalisation of quantum circuits that can be used to represent linear maps from $m$ to $n$ qubits for any $m,n \geq 0$.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-05 Niel de Beaudrap , Aleks Kissinger , John van de Wetering

We propose a quantum programming language that generalizes the $\lambda$-calculus. The language is non-linear; duplicated variables denote, not cloning of quantum data, but sharing a qubit's state; that is, producing an entangled pair of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-31 Nicklas Botö , Fabian Forslund

We introduce here a new axiomatisation of the rational fragment of the ZX-calculus, a diagrammatic language for quantum mechanics. Compared to the previous axiomatisation introduced in [8], our axiomatisation does not use any metarule , but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-15 Emmanuel Jeandel

The ZX-calculus is a powerful framework for reasoning in quantum computing. It provides in particular a compact representation of matrices of interests. A peculiar property of the ZX-calculus is the absence of a formal sum allowing the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-07 Emmanuel Jeandel , Simon Perdrix , Margarita Veshchezerova

Z-complementary code set (ZCCS), an extension of perfect complementary codes (CCs), refers to a set of two-dimensional matrices having zero correlation zone properties. ZCCS can be used in various multi-channel systems to support, for…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-11-11 Palash Sarkar , Sudhan Majhi , Zilong Liu

This paper has two tightly intertwined aims: (i) To introduce an intuitive and universal graphical calculus for multi-qubit systems, the ZX-calculus, which greatly simplifies derivations in the area of quantum computation and information.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-13 Bob Coecke , Ross Duncan

Prevailing proposals for the first generation of quantum computers make use of 2-level systems, or qubits, as the fundamental unit of quantum information. However, recent innovations in quantum error correction and magic state distillation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-18 Luke E. Heyfron , Earl Campbell

Quantum control is an important logical primitive of quantum computing programs, and an important concept for equational reasoning in quantum graphical calculi. We show that controlled diagrams in the ZXW-calculus admit rich algebraic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-17 Edwin Agnew , Lia Yeh , Richie Yeung

The basic one-bit gates (X, Y, Z, Hadamard, phase, pi/8) as well as the controlled cnot and Toffoli gates are reformulated in the language of geometric-algebra quantum-like computation. Thus, all the quantum algorithms can be reformulated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-07-19 Marek Czachor

Reducing the number of non-Clifford quantum gates present in a circuit is an important task for efficiently implementing quantum computations, especially in the fault-tolerant regime. We present a new method for reducing the number of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-13 Aleks Kissinger , John van de Wetering

The ZX-calculus was introduced as a graphical language able to represent specific quantum primitives in an intuitive way. The recent completeness results have shown the theoretical possibility of a purely graphical description of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-14 Titouan Carette , Yohann D'Anello , Simon Perdrix

Large families of confining holographic QFTs, described by Einstein-Dilaton gravity, are considered on constant-curvature manifolds in the presence of a $\theta$-angle. The space of ground states of such theories is explored as a function…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-04-23 Ahmad Ghodsi , Elias Kiritsis , Francesco Nitti