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Extreme Multi-label Text Classification (XMC) involves learning a classifier that can assign an input with a subset of most relevant labels from millions of label choices. Recent approaches, such as XR-Transformer and LightXML, leverage a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-03 Siddhant Kharbanda , Atmadeep Banerjee , Erik Schultheis , Rohit Babbar

Scalability and accuracy are well recognized challenges in deep extreme multi-label learning where the objective is to train architectures for automatically annotating a data point with the most relevant subset of labels from an extremely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-15 Kunal Dahiya , Deepak Saini , Anshul Mittal , Ankush Shaw , Kushal Dave , Akshay Soni , Himanshu Jain , Sumeet Agarwal , Manik Varma

This paper focuses on the task of Extreme Multi-Label Classification (XMC) whose goal is to predict multiple labels for each instance from an extremely large label space. While existing research has primarily focused on fully supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Yaxin Zhu , Hamed Zamani

Assigning a set of labels to a given text is a classification problem with many real-world applications, such as recommender systems. Two separate research streams address this issue. Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC) focuses on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Nerijus Bertalis , Paul Granse , Ferhat Gül , Florian Hauss , Leon Menkel , David Schüler , Tom Speier , Lukas Galke , Ansgar Scherp

Extreme multilabel classification (XMLC) problems occur in settings such as related product recommendation, large-scale document tagging, or ad prediction, and are characterized by a label space that can span millions of possible labels.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Nasib Ullah , Erik Schultheis , Jinbin Zhang , Rohit Babbar

The goal in extreme multi-label classification is to learn a classifier which can assign a small subset of relevant labels to an instance from an extremely large set of target labels. Datasets in extreme classification exhibit a long tail…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-03-06 Rohit Babbar , Bernhard Schölkopf

In this paper, a high-speed online neural network classifier based on extreme learning machines for multi-label classification is proposed. In multi-label classification, each of the input data sample belongs to one or more than one of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-09-06 Rajasekar Venkatesan , Meng Joo Er , Mihika Dave , Mahardhika Pratama , Shiqian Wu

Multi-label classification has received considerable interest in recent years. Multi-label classifiers have to address many problems including: handling large-scale datasets with many instances and a large set of labels, compensating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-06-21 Amirhossein Akbarnejad , Mahdieh Soleymani Baghshah

In this paper, a progressive learning algorithm for multi-label classification to learn new labels while retaining the knowledge of previous labels is designed. New output neurons corresponding to new labels are added and the neural network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-09-26 Mihika Dave , Sahil Tapiawala , Meng Joo Er , Rajasekar Venkatesan

Extreme Multi-label Text Classification (XMC) involves learning a classifier that can assign an input with a subset of most relevant labels from millions of label choices. Recent works in this domain have increasingly focused on a symmetric…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Siddhant Kharbanda , Devaansh Gupta , Erik Schultheis , Atmadeep Banerjee , Cho-Jui Hsieh , Rohit Babbar

Machine learning has played an important role in information retrieval (IR) in recent times. In search engines, for example, query keywords are accepted and documents are returned in order of relevance to the given query; this can be cast…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-02-13 Tatsuhiro Aoshima , Kei Kobayashi , Mihoko Minami

Extreme multi-label text classification (XMTC) refers to the problem of tagging a given text with the most relevant subset of labels from a large label set. A majority of labels only have a few training instances due to large label…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Yuan Wang , Huiling Song , Peng Huo , Tao Xu , Jucheng Yang , Yarui Chen , Tingting Zhao

Extreme multi-label text classification (XMC) seeks to find relevant labels from an extreme large label collection for a given text input. Many real-world applications can be formulated as XMC problems, such as recommendation systems,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-01 Jiong Zhang , Wei-cheng Chang , Hsiang-fu Yu , Inderjit S. Dhillon

People use search engines for various topics and items, from daily essentials to more aspirational and specialized objects. Therefore, search engines have taken over as peoples preferred resource. The How To prefix has become familiar and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Tanjim Taharat Aurpa , Md Shoaib Ahmed , Md Mahbubur Rahman , Md. Golam Moazzam

Multi-label learning is concerned with the classification of data with multiple class labels. This is in contrast to the traditional classification problem where every data instance has a single label. Due to the exponential size of output…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-27 Vikas Kumar , Arun K Pujari , Vineet Padmanabhan , Venkateswara Rao Kagita

In the context of Extreme Multi-label Text Classification (XMTC), where labels are assigned to text instances from a large label space, the long-tail distribution of labels presents a significant challenge. Labels can be broadly categorized…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Celso França , Gestefane Rabbi , Thiago Salles , Washington Cunha , Leonardo Rocha , Marcos André Gonçalves

Foundation models have revolutionized artificial intelligence across numerous domains, yet their transformative potential remains largely untapped in Extreme Multi-label Classification (XMC). Queries in XMC are associated with relevant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Diego Ortego , Marlon Rodríguez , Mario Almagro , Kunal Dahiya , David Jiménez , Juan C. SanMiguel

Extreme multi-label classification (XMLC) refers to the task of tagging instances with small subsets of relevant labels coming from an extremely large set of all possible labels. Recently, XMLC has been widely applied to diverse web…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Marek Wydmuch , Kalina Jasinska-Kobus , Rohit Babbar , Krzysztof Dembczyński

The extreme multi-label classification~(XMC) task involves learning a classifier that can predict from a large label set the most relevant subset of labels for a data instance. While deep neural networks~(DNNs) have demonstrated remarkable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Ken Nishida , Kojiro Machi , Kazuma Onishi , Katsuhiko Hayashi , Hidetaka Kamigaito

In multi-label classification, the main focus has been to develop ways of learning the underlying dependencies between labels, and to take advantage of this at classification time. Developing better feature-space representations has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-02-23 Jesse Read , Fernando Perez-Cruz