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We study the constraints of crossing symmetry and unitarity for conformal field theories in the presence of a boundary, with a focus on the Ising model in various dimensions. We show that an analytic approach to the bootstrap is feasible…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-11 Pedro Liendo , Leonardo Rastelli , Balt C. van Rees

A challenge in the study of conformal field theory (CFT) is to characterize the possible defects in specific bulk CFTs. Given the success of numerical bootstrap techniques applied to the characterization of bulk CFTs, it is desirable to…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2025-10-16 Ryan A. Lanzetta , Shang Liu , Max A. Metlitski

We introduce a non-unitary-compatible numerical bootstrap strategy based on the statistical stability of OPE data inferred from crossing at multiple cross-ratios. For a trial spectrum, crossing determines OPE coefficients whose residual…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-04-24 Yu-tin Huang , Shao-Cheng Lee , Henry Liao , Justinas Rumbutis

We provide a framework for generic 4D conformal bootstrap computations. It is based on the unification of two independent approaches, the covariant (embedding) formalism and the non-covariant (conformal frame) formalism. We construct their…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-05-17 Gabriel Francisco Cuomo , Denis Karateev , Petr Kravchuk

The numerical conformal bootstrap has become in the last 15 years an indispensable tool for studying strongly coupled CFTs in various dimensions. Here we review the main developments in the field in the last 5 years, since the appearance of…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-10-31 Slava Rychkov , Ning Su

We explore some consequences of the crossing symmetry for defect conformal field theories, focusing on codimension one defects like flat boundaries or interfaces. We study surface transitions of the 3d Ising and other O(N) models through…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-11-29 F. Gliozzi , P. Liendo , M. Meineri , A. Rago

In this paper, we attempt to explore the landscape of two-dimensional conformal field theories (2d CFTs) by efficiently searching for numerical solutions to the modular bootstrap equation using machine-learning-style optimization. The torus…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-05-05 Nathan Benjamin , A. Liam Fitzpatrick , Wei Li , Jesse Thaler

Under the assumption that degenerate fields exist, diagonal CFTs such as Liouville theory can be solved analytically using the conformal bootstrap method. Here we generalize this approach to non-diagonal CFTs, i.e. CFTs whose primary fields…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-07-04 Santiago Migliaccio , Sylvain Ribault

Finding a method to combine the numerical bootstrap with the analytic lightcone bootstrap is an important goal to advance the conformal bootstrap program. We propose a hybrid bootstrap method to do just that. The numerical and analytic…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-02-16 Ning Su

We initiate an approach to constraining conformal field theory (CFT) data at finite temperature using methods inspired by the conformal bootstrap for vacuum correlation functions. We focus on thermal one- and two-point functions of local…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-11-14 Luca Iliesiu , Murat Koloğlu , Raghu Mahajan , Eric Perlmutter , David Simmons-Duffin

Modular invariance imposes rigid constrains on the partition functions of two-dimensional conformal field theories. Many fundamental results follow strictly from modular invariance, giving rise to the numerical modular bootstrap program.…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-07-06 Anatoly Dymarsky , Alfred Shapere

We study the conformal bootstrap in fractional space-time dimensions, obtaining rigorous bounds on operator dimensions. Our results show strong evidence that there is a family of unitary CFTs connecting the 2D Ising model, the 3D Ising…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-10-13 S. El-Showk , M. Paulos , D. Poland , S. Rychkov , D. Simmons-Duffin , A. Vichi

We introduce an approach to find approximate numerical solutions of truncated bootstrap equations for Conformal Field Theories (CFTs) in arbitrary dimensions. The method is based on a stochastic search via a Metropolis algorithm guided by…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-08-17 Alessandro Laio , Uriel Luviano Valenzuela , Marco Serone

Conformal field theories have been long known to describe the fascinating universal physics of scale invariant critical points. They describe continuous phase transitions in fluids, magnets, and numerous other materials, while at the same…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-04-18 David Poland , Slava Rychkov , Alessandro Vichi

The existence of a positive linear functional acting on the space of (differences between) conformal blocks has been shown to rule out regions in the parameter space of conformal field theories (CFTs). We argue that at the boundary of the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-12 Sheer El-Showk , Miguel F. Paulos

We present a low entry-level introduction to the Conformal Bootstrap. We review and obtain several basic bounds using Linear Programming in machine precision in Mathematica, making the results accessible even to the most uneducated computer…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-09-07 António Antunes

Higher-point correlation functions encode the data of infinitely many 4-point correlators in conformal field theory (CFT). In this paper, we develop new tools to efficiently extract this data from multi-point crossing equations. Concretely,…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-09-03 António Antunes , Sebastian Harris , Apratim Kaviraj

The versatility of self-attention mechanism earned transformers great success in almost all data modalities, with limitations on the quadratic complexity and difficulty of training. To apply transformers across different data modalities,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Viet Anh Nguyen , Minh Lenhat , Khoa Nguyen , Duong Duc Hieu , Dao Huu Hung , Truong Son Hy

We initiate the analytical functional bootstrap study of conformal field theories with large $N$ limits. In this first paper we particularly focus on the 1D $O(N)$ vector bootstrap. We obtain a remarkably simple bootstrap equation from the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-08-09 Zhijin Li

We study half-BPS line defects in $\mathcal{N}=2$ superconformal theories using the bootstrap approach. We concentrate on local excitations constrained to the defect, which means the system is a $1d$ defect CFT with $\mathfrak{osp}(4^*|2)$…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-04-22 Aleix Gimenez-Grau , Pedro Liendo