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Polar codes have gained significant attention in channel coding for their ability to approach the capacity of binary input discrete memoryless channels (B-DMCs), thanks to their reliability and efficiency in transmission. However, existing…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Jiaxing Li , Shuwen Zhang , Zhisong Bie

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) involve challenging practical applications of error-correcting codes (ECCs), requiring extremely low failure rates on the order of $10^{-6}$ and below despite raw input bit error rates as high as 22%.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Marvin Rübenacke , Sebastian Cammerer , Michael Sullivan , Alexander Keller

Non-binary polar codes (NBPCs) decoded by successive cancellation (SC) algorithm have remarkable bit-error-rate performance compared to the binary polar codes (BPCs). Due to the serial nature, SC decoding suffers from large latency. The…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Ali Farsiabi , Hamid Ebrahimzad , Masoud Ardakani , Chuandong Li

A polar-coded transmission (PCT) scheme with joint channel estimation and decoding is proposed for channels with unknown channel state information (CSI). The CSI is estimated via successive cancellation (SC) decoding and the constraints…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Peihong Yuan , Mustafa Cemil Coşkun , Gerhard Kramer

We combine two approaches to optimize the iterative decoding of product codes with precoded polar component codes. On one side, we generate bitwise soft messages based on the codebook probability, an approximation of an auxiliary quantity…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Nicolás Alvarez Prado , Andreas Straßhofer

The soft-output successive cancellation list (SO-SCL) decoder provides a methodology for estimating the a-posteriori probability log-likelihood ratios by only leveraging the conventional SCL decoder of polar codes. However, the sequential…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Li Shen , Yongpeng Wu , Zhen Gao , Yin Xu , Xiaohu You , Xiqi Gao , Wenjun Zhang

In the standard polar code construction, the message vector $(U_0,U_1,\dots,U_{n-1})$ is divided into information bits and frozen bits according to the reliability of each $U_i$ given $(U_0,U_1,\dots,U_{i-1})$ and all the channel outputs.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-05 Guodong Li , Min Ye , Sihuang Hu

Ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) is a key part of 5G wireless systems. Achieving low latency necessitates codes with short blocklengths for which polar codes with successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding typically…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Darja Nonaca , Jérémy Guichemerre , Reinhard Wiesmayr , Nihat Engin Tunali , Christoph Studer

As improved versions of successive cancellation (SC) decoding algorithm, successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding and successive cancellation stack (SCS) decoding are used to improve the finite-length performance of polar codes. Unified…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-15 Kai Chen , Kai Niu , Jia-Ru Lin

In this paper, we first indicate that the block error event of polar codes under successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding is composed of path loss (PL) error event and path selection (PS) error event, where the PL error event is that…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Jinnan Piao , Dong Li , Xueting Yu , Zhibo Li , Ming Yang , Jindi Liu , Peng Zeng

Dynamic successive cancellation flip (DSCF) decoding of polar codes is a powerful algorithm that can achieve the error correction performance of successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding, with a complexity that is close to that of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-07-29 Nghia Doan , Seyyed Ali Hashemi , Furkan Ercan , Thibaud Tonnellier , Warren Gross

A successive cancellation list (SCL) decoder with limited list size for polar codes can not be analyzed as a successive cancellation (SC) decoder, nor as a maximum likelihood (ML) decoder, due to the complicated decoding errors caused by…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-03-25 Tao Wang , Daiming Qu , Tao Jiang

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for scalable quantum computing. However, it requires classical decoders that are fast and accurate enough to keep pace with quantum hardware. While quantum low-density parity-check codes have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-10 Andi Gu , J. Pablo Bonilla Ataides , Mikhail D. Lukin , Susanne F. Yelin

With the ever-growing storage density, high-speed, and low-cost data access, flash memory has inevitably become popular. Multi-level cell (MLC) NAND flash memory, which can well balance the data density and memory stability, has occupied…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2018-02-14 Haochuan Song , Frankie Fu , Cloud Zeng , Jin Sha , Zaichen Zhang , Xiaohu You , Chuan Zhang

The joint transmission scheme of polar codes and sparse code multiple access (SCMA) has been regarded as a promising technology for future wireless communication systems. However, most of the existing polar-coded SCMA (PC-SCMA) systems…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Shufeng Li , Mingyu Cai , Libiao Jin , Yao Sun , Hongda Wu , Ping Wang

Among error-correcting codes, polar codes are the first to provably achieve channel capacity with an explicit construction. In this work, we present software implementations of a polar decoder that leverage the capabilities of modern…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-05-20 Pascal Giard , Gabi Sarkis , Claude Thibeault , Warren J. Gross

Typically, forward error correction (FEC) codes are designed based on the minimization of the error rate for a given code rate. However, for applications that incorporate hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) protocol and adaptive…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-11-07 Hossein Khoshnevis , Ian Marsland , Halim Yanikomeroglu

In this paper, we propose a method to obtain the optimal metric function at each depth of the polarization tree through a process we call polarization of the metric function. This polarization process generates an optimal metric at…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Mohsen Moradi , Hessam Mahdavifar

As the first kind of forward error correction (FEC) codes that achieve channel capacity, polar codes have attracted much research interest recently. Compared with other popular FEC codes, polar codes decoded by list successive cancellation…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-07-02 ChenYang Xia , Ji Chen , YouZhe Fan , Chi-ying Tsui , Jie Jin , Hui Shen , Bin Li

In this paper, we present a novel decoding algorithm of a polar code, named SC-Fano decoding, by appropriately incorporating the Fano sequential decoding into the standard successive-cancellation (SC) decoding. The proposed SC-Fano decoding…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-01-24 Min-Oh Jeong , Song-Nam Hong