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Vector-based word representations help countless Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks capture the language's semantic and syntactic regularities. In this paper, we present the characteristics of existing word embedding approaches and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Obaidullah Zaland , Muhammad Abulaish , Mohd. Fazil

Sentence embeddings are central to modern NLP and AI systems, yet little is known about their internal structure. While we can compare these embeddings using measures such as cosine similarity, the contributing features are not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Matthieu Tehenan , Vikram Natarajan , Jonathan Michala , Milton Lin , Juri Opitz

Embedding models typically associate each word with a single real-valued vector, representing its different properties. Evaluation methods, therefore, need to analyze the accuracy and completeness of these properties in embeddings. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-07-20 Yadollah Yaghoobzadeh , Katharina Kann , Hinrich Schütze

Word embeddings learnt from large corpora have been adopted in various applications in natural language processing and served as the general input representations to learning systems. Recently, a series of post-processing methods have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-25 Shuai Tang , Mahta Mousavi , Virginia R. de Sa

We investigate the effect of various dependency-based word embeddings on distinguishing between functional and domain similarity, word similarity rankings, and two downstream tasks in English. Variations include word embeddings trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-18 Sean MacAvaney , Amir Zeldes

The positive effect of adding subword information to word embeddings has been demonstrated for predictive models. In this paper we investigate whether similar benefits can also be derived from incorporating subwords into counting models. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-11 Alexandre Salle , Aline Villavicencio

Every prediction is ultimately used in a downstream task. Consequently, evaluating prediction quality is more meaningful when considered in the context of its downstream use. Metrics based solely on predictive performance often diverge from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Novin Shahroudi , Viacheslav Komisarenko , Meelis Kull

Node embedding methods find latent lower-dimensional representations which are used as features in machine learning models. In the last few years, these methods have become extremely popular as a replacement for manual feature engineering.…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-06-01 Christoph Martin , Meike Riebeling

Neural methods for embedding entities are typically extrinsically evaluated on downstream tasks and, more recently, intrinsically using probing tasks. Downstream task-based comparisons are often difficult to interpret due to differences in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-19 Andrew Runge , Eduard Hovy

Recent advances in the field of network embedding have shown the low-dimensional network representation is playing a critical role in network analysis. However, most of the existing principles of network embedding do not incorporate…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-03-06 Junliang Guo , Linli Xu , Xunpeng Huang , Enhong Chen

Sentence embedding methods have made remarkable progress, yet they still struggle to capture the implicit semantics within sentences. This can be attributed to the inherent limitations of conventional sentence embedding methods that assign…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Kohei Oda , Po-Min Chuang , Kiyoaki Shirai , Natthawut Kertkeidkachorn

Sentence embeddings encode natural language sentences as low-dimensional dense vectors. A great deal of effort has been put into using sentence embeddings to improve several important natural language processing tasks. Relation extraction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-24 Alexander Kalinowski , Yuan An

In this paper, we propose a dictionary screening method for embedding compression in text classification tasks. The key purpose of this method is to evaluate the importance of each keyword in the dictionary. To this end, we first train a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Jing Zhou , Xinru Jing , Muyu Liu , Hansheng Wang

Learning representations of nodes in a low dimensional space is a crucial task with numerous interesting applications in network analysis, including link prediction, node classification, and visualization. Two popular approaches for this…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-08-10 Abdulkadir Celikkanat , Yanning Shen , Fragkiskos D. Malliaros

Multi-label network classification is a well-known task that is being used in a wide variety of web-based and non-web-based domains. It can be formalized as a multi-relational learning task for predicting nodes labels based on their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Ahmed Rashed , Josif Grabocka , Lars Schmidt-Thieme

The focus of past machine learning research for Reading Comprehension tasks has been primarily on the design of novel deep learning architectures. Here we show that seemingly minor choices made on (1) the use of pre-trained word embeddings,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-03-06 Bhuwan Dhingra , Hanxiao Liu , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , William W. Cohen

Compressing word embeddings is important for deploying NLP models in memory-constrained settings. However, understanding what makes compressed embeddings perform well on downstream tasks is challenging---existing measures of compression…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-16 Avner May , Jian Zhang , Tri Dao , Christopher Ré

In this paper, we study the surprising impact that truncating text embeddings has on downstream performance. We consistently observe across 6 state-of-the-art text encoders and 26 downstream tasks, that randomly removing up to 50% of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Sotaro Takeshita , Yurina Takeshita , Daniel Ruffinelli , Simone Paolo Ponzetto

We investigate the integration of word embeddings as classification features in the setting of large scale text classification. Such representations have been used in a plethora of tasks, however their application in classification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-06-22 Georgios Balikas , Massih-Reza Amini

This work presents a new and simple approach for fine-tuning pretrained word embeddings for text classification tasks. In this approach, the class in which a term appears, acts as an additional contextual variable during the fine tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-17 Amr Al-Khatib , Samhaa R. El-Beltagy