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The terrestrial planets formed by accretion of asteroid-like objects within the inner solar system's protoplanetary disk. Previous works have found that forming a small-mass Mars requires the disk to contain little mass beyond ~1.5 au…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-06-16 Patryk Sofia Lykawka , Takashi Ito

Super-Earths with orbital periods less than 100 days are extremely abundant around Sun-like stars. It is unlikely that these planets formed at their current locations. Rather, they likely formed at large distances from the star and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-22 André Izidoro , Alessandro Morbidelli , Sean N. Raymond

Impact basins identified by Mariner 10 and Messenger flyby images provide us a fossilized record of the impactor flux of asteroids on Mercury during the last stages of the early Solar System. The distribution of these basins is not uniform…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2012-05-22 Alexandre C. M. Correia , Jacques Laskar

The Jupiter-Saturn chaotic excitation (JSCE) scenario proposes that the protoplanetary disk was dynamically excited and depleted beyond ~1-1.5 au in a few Myr, offering a new and plausible explanation for several observed properties of the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-02-20 Patryk Sofia Lykawka , Takashi Ito

Evidence of mutually inclined planetary orbits has been reported for giant planets these last years. Here we aim to study the impact of eccentric and inclined massive giant planets on the terrestrial planet formation process, and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-06-06 Sotiris Sotiriadis , Anne-Sophie Libert , Sean N. Raymond

The origin and evolution of planetary rings and moons remains an active area of study, particularly as they relate to the impact history and volatile inventory of the outer solar system. The Uranian system contains a complex system of rings…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-10-25 Stephen R. Kane , Zhexing Li

Terrestrial planets are commonly observed to orbit M dwarfs with close-in trajectories. In this work, we extensively perform N-body simulations of planetesimal accretion with three models of in-situ, inward migration and reversed migration…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-08-02 Mengrui Pan , Su Wang , Jianghui Ji

Given the inexorable increase in the Sun's luminosity, Earth will exit the habitable zone in ~1 Gyr. There is a negligible chance that Earth's orbit will change during that time through internal Solar System dynamics. However, there is a…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-11-22 Sean N. Raymond , Nathan A. Kaib , Franck Selsis , Herve Bouy

Current planet formation theories rely on initially compact orbital configurations undergoing a (possibly extended) phase of giant impacts following the dispersal of the dissipative protoplanetary disk. The orbital architectures of observed…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-07-05 Alysa Obertas , Daniel Tamayo , Norm Murray

The formation of a solar system is believed to have followed a multi-stage process around a protostar. Whipple first noted that planetesimal growth by particle agglomeration is strongly influenced by gas drag; there is a "bottleneck" at the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-03-13 J. S. Wettlaufer

To characterize the meteoroid environment around Mercury and its contribution to the planet's exosphere, we combined four distinctive sources of meteoroids in the solar system: main-belt asteroids, Jupiter family comets, Halley-type comets,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-08-15 Petr Pokorny , Menelaos Sarantos , Diego Janches

The core accretion theory of planet formation has at least two fundamental problems explaining the origins of Uranus and Neptune: (1) dynamical times in the trans-Saturnian solar nebula are so long that core growth can take > 15 Myr, and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-14 Sarah E. Dodson-Robinson , Peter Bodenheimer

Containing only a few percent the mass of the moon, the current asteroid belt is around three to four orders of magnitude smaller that its primordial mass inferred from disk models. Yet dynamical studies have shown that the asteroid belt…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-01-16 Matthew S. Clement , Sean N. Raymond , Nathan A. Kaib

The origin of Mercury's anomalous core and low FeO surface mineralogy are outstanding questions in planetary science. Mercury's composition may result from cosmochemical controls on the precursor solids that accreted to form Mercury. High…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-08-01 Denton S. Ebel , Conel M. O'D. Alexander

Forming planetary systems are populated by large numbers of gravitationally interacting planetary bodies, spanning from massive giant planets to small planetesimals akin to present-day asteroids and comets. All these planetary bodies are…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-02-05 Diego Turrini , Sergio Fonte , Romolo Politi , Danae Polychroni , Scigé J. Liu , Paolo Matteo Simonetti , Simona Pirani

The high density of the close-in extrasolar planet HD149026b suggests the presence of a huge core in the planet, which challenges planet formation theory. We first derive constraints on the amount of heavy elements and hydrogen/helium…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 M. Ikoma , T. Guillot , H. Genda , T. Takayuki , S. Ida

Morbidelli, Kleine & Nimmo (2024) (MKN) recently published a critical analysis on whether the terrestrial planets in the Solar System formed by rapid pebble accretion or by the classical route of multiple giant impacts between planetary…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-11-28 Anders Johansen , Peter Olson , Zachary Sharp

Planets grow via the collisional accretion of small bodies in a protoplanetary disk. Such small bodies feel strong gas drag and their orbits are significantly affected by the gas flow and atmospheric structure around the planet. We…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-08-24 Tatsuya Okamura , Hiroshi Kobayashi

We present the results of planet formation N-body simulations based on a comprehensive physical model that includes planetary mass growth through mutual embryo collisions and planetesimal/boulder accretion, viscous disc evolution, planetary…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-02-17 Gavin A. L. Coleman , Richard P. Nelson

We investigate the outcome of collisions of Ceres-sized planetesimals composed of a rocky core and a shell of water ice. These collisions are not only relevant for explaining the formation of planetary embryos in early planetary systems,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-28 Thomas I. Maindl , Rudolf Dvorak , Christoph Schäfer , Roland Speith