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Propensity score weighting approaches have been widely implemented in clinical research to estimate the effects of a treatment or exposure while mitigating the risk of confounding in the absence of random assignment. In practice, when…

Generative models typically sample outputs independently, and recent inference-time guidance and scaling algorithms focus on improving the quality of individual samples. However, in real-world applications, users are often presented with a…

Clinical trials usually target average treatment effects, but treatment decisions are made for individuals. This tension motivates a common criticism of evidence-based medicine: a treatment that is beneficial on average may be inappropriate…

In modern drug development, the broader availability of high-dimensional observational data provides opportunities for scientist to explore subgroup heterogeneity, especially when randomized clinical trials are unavailable due to cost and…

In recent years, applications of data mining methods are become more popular in many fields of medical diagnosis and evaluations. The data mining methods are appropriate tools for discovering and extracting of available knowledge in medical…

The concept of care pathways is increasingly being used to enhance the quality of care and to optimize the use of resources for health care. Nevertheless, recommendations regarding the sequence of care are mostly based on consensus-based…

In many practical tasks it is needed to estimate an effect of treatment on individual level. For example, in medicine it is essential to determine the patients that would benefit from a certain medicament. In marketing, knowing the persons…

Pedestrians are often encountered walking in the company of some social relations, rather than alone. The social groups thus formed, in variable proportions depending on the context, are not randomly organised but exhibit distinct features,…

A patient is often willing to quickly get, from his physician, reliable analysis and concise explanation according to provided linked medical images. The fact of making choices individually by the patient's physician may lead to…

Objective: Until now, traditional invasive approaches have been the only means being leveraged to diagnose spinal disorders. Traditional manual diagnostics require a high workload, and diagnostic errors are likely to occur due to the…

In healthcare prediction tasks, it is essential to exploit the correlations between medical features and learn better patient health representations. Existing methods try to estimate feature correlations only from data, or increase the…

The increase in availability of longitudinal electronic health record (EHR) data is leading to improved understanding of diseases and discovery of novel phenotypes. The majority of clustering algorithms focus only on patient trajectories,…

Epidemiology characterizes the influence of causes to disease and health conditions of defined populations. Cohort studies are population-based studies involving usually large numbers of randomly selected individuals and comprising numerous…

A common goal in comparative effectiveness research is to estimate treatment effects on pre-specified subpopulations of patients. Though widely used in medical research, causal inference methods for such subgroup analysis remain…

There has been a lot of recent interest in mining patterns from graphs. Often, the exact structure of the patterns of interest is not known. This happens, for example, when molecular structures are mined to discover fragments useful as…

Period-prevalent cohorts are often used for their cost-saving potential in epidemiological studies of survival outcomes. Under this design, prevalent patients allow for evaluations of long-term survival outcomes without the need for long…

Group testing can help maintain a widespread testing program using fewer resources amid a pandemic. In group testing, we are given $n$ samples, one per individual. These samples are arranged into $m < n$ pooled samples, where each pool is…

A treatment regime is a function that maps individual patient information to a recommended treatment, hence explicitly incorporating the heterogeneity in need for treatment across individuals. Patient responses are dichotomous and can be…

This paper presents a novel deep learning enabled, video based analysis framework for assessing the Unified Parkinsons Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) that can be used in the clinic or at home. We report results from comparing the performance…

The sequence of visits and procedures performed by the patient in the health system, also known as the patient's pathway or trajectory, can reveal important information about the clinical treatment adopted and the health service provided.…