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Knowledge graphs (KGs) are of great importance to many real world applications, but they generally suffer from incomplete information in the form of missing relations between entities. Knowledge graph completion (also known as relation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Zijun Cui , Pavan Kapanipathi , Kartik Talamadupula , Tian Gao , Qiang Ji

Two-hop QA retrieval splits queries into two regimes determined by whether the hop-2 entity is explicitly named in the question (Q-dominant) or only in the bridge passage (B-dominant). We formalize this split with three theorems: (T1)…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Andre Bacellar

Knowledge Hypergraphs (KHs) have recently emerged as a knowledge representation for retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), offering a paradigm to model multi-entity relations into a structured form. However, existing KH-based RAG methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Xiangjun Zai , Xingyu Tan , Xiaoyang Wang , Qing Liu , Xiwei Xu , Wenjie Zhang

Knowledge graph question answering is an important technology in intelligent human-robot interaction, which aims at automatically giving answer to human natural language question with the given knowledge graph. For the multi-relation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-04 Xinmeng Li , Mamoun Alazab , Qian Li , Keping Yu , Quanjun Yin

Traditional Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) effectively supports single-hop question answering with large language models but faces significant limitations in multi-hop question answering tasks, which require combining evidence from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Junli Liang , Pengfei Zhou , Wangqiu Zhou , Wenjie Qing , Qi Zhao , Ziwen Wang , Qi Song , Xiangyang Li

We propose a new CogQA framework for multi-hop question answering in web-scale documents. Inspired by the dual process theory in cognitive science, the framework gradually builds a \textit{cognitive graph} in an iterative process by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Ming Ding , Chang Zhou , Qibin Chen , Hongxia Yang , Jie Tang

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has become a key paradigm for knowledge-intensive question answering. However, existing multi-hop RAG systems remain inefficient, as they alternate between retrieval and reasoning at each step, resulting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Hao Yang , Zhiyu Yang , Xupeng Zhang , Wei Wei , Yunjie Zhang , Lin Yang

Many real world systems need to operate on heterogeneous information networks that consist of numerous interacting components of different types. Examples include systems that perform data analysis on biological information networks; social…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-07-26 Parisa Kordjamshidi , Sameer Singh , Daniel Khashabi , Christos Christodoulopoulos , Mark Summons , Saurabh Sinha , Dan Roth

Multi-hop Question Generation (QG) aims to generate answer-related questions by aggregating and reasoning over multiple scattered evidence from different paragraphs. It is a more challenging yet under-explored task compared to conventional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-10 Dan Su , Yan Xu , Wenliang Dai , Ziwei Ji , Tiezheng Yu , Pascale Fung

Existing RAG benchmarks often overlook query difficulty, leading to inflated performance on simpler questions and unreliable evaluations. A robust benchmark dataset must satisfy three key criteria: quality, diversity, and difficulty, which…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Jeongsoo Lee , Daeyong Kwon , Kyohoon Jin , Junnyeong Jeong , Minwoo Sim , Minwoo Kim

Multi-hop reasoning has been widely studied in recent years to obtain more interpretable link prediction. However, we find in experiments that many paths given by these models are actually unreasonable, while little works have been done on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Xin Lv , Yixin Cao , Lei Hou , Juanzi Li , Zhiyuan Liu , Yichi Zhang , Zelin Dai

Large language models (LLMs) still struggle with multi-hop reasoning over knowledge-graphs (KGs), and we identify a previously overlooked structural reason for this difficulty: Transformer attention heads naturally specialize in distinct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Jinliang Liu , Jiale Bai , Shaoning Zeng

Relation extraction is an important task in knowledge acquisition and text understanding. Existing works mainly focus on improving relation extraction by extracting effective features or designing reasonable model structures. However, few…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-08 Jiayang Cheng , Haiyun Jiang , Deqing Yang , Yanghua Xiao

In response to the increasing use of interactive artificial intelligence, the demand for the capacity to handle complex questions has increased. Multi-hop question generation aims to generate complex questions that requires multi-step…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Seonjeong Hwang , Yunsu Kim , Gary Geunbae Lee

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) methods encounter difficulties when addressing complex questions like multi-hop queries. While iterative retrieval methods improve performance by gathering additional information, current approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Ziyuan Zhuang , Zhiyang Zhang , Sitao Cheng , Fangkai Yang , Jia Liu , Shujian Huang , Qingwei Lin , Saravan Rajmohan , Dongmei Zhang , Qi Zhang

Transformer-based models have advanced the field of question answering, but multi-hop reasoning, where answers require combining evidence across multiple passages, remains difficult. This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zichen Zhang , Kunlong Zhang , Hongwei Ruan , Yiming Luo

End-to-end question answering using a differentiable knowledge graph is a promising technique that requires only weak supervision, produces interpretable results, and is fully differentiable. Previous implementations of this technique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Priyanka Sen , Amir Saffari , Armin Oliya

Multi-hop reasoning over real-life knowledge graphs (KGs) is a highly challenging problem as traditional subgraph matching methods are not capable to deal with noise and missing information. To address this problem, it has been recently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Zhiwei Hu , Víctor Gutiérrez-Basulto , Zhiliang Xiang , Xiaoli Li , Ru Li , Jeff Z. Pan

Interpretable multi-hop reading comprehension (RC) over multiple documents is a challenging problem because it demands reasoning over multiple information sources and explaining the answer prediction by providing supporting evidences. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-12 Ming Tu , Kevin Huang , Guangtao Wang , Jing Huang , Xiaodong He , Bowen Zhou

Answering the shortest-path distance between two arbitrary locations is a fundamental problem in road networks. Labelling-based solutions are the current state-of-the-arts to render fast response time, which can generally be categorised…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Muhammad Farhan , Henning Koehler , Robert Ohms , Qing Wang