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Code-switching is a speech phenomenon occurring when a speaker switches language during a conversation. Despite the spontaneous nature of code-switching in conversational spoken language, most existing works collect code-switching data from…

Code-switching, the phenomenon of alternating between two or more languages in a single conversation, presents unique challenges for Natural Language Processing (NLP). Most existing research focuses on either syntactic constraints or neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Garry Kuwanto , Chaitanya Agarwal , Genta Indra Winata , Derry Tanti Wijaya

Multilingualism refers to the high degree of proficiency in two or more languages in the written and oral communication modes. It often results in language mixing, a.k.a. code-mixing, when a multilingual speaker switches between multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Vivek Srivastava , Mayank Singh

Code-Switching (CS) is referred to the phenomenon of alternately using words and phrases from different languages. While today's neural end-to-end (E2E) models deliver state-of-the-art performances on the task of automatic speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Enes Yavuz Ugan , Christian Huber , Juan Hussain , Alexander Waibel

Code-switching, the interleaving of two or more languages within a sentence or discourse is pervasive in multilingual societies. Accurate language models for code-switched text are critical for NLP tasks. State-of-the-art data-intensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-24 Bidisha Samanta , Sharmila Reddy , Hussain Jagirdar , Niloy Ganguly , Soumen Chakrabarti

Generating code-switched text is a problem of growing interest, especially given the scarcity of corpora containing large volumes of real code-switched text. In this work, we adapt a state-of-the-art neural machine translation model to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-15 Ishan Tarunesh , Syamantak Kumar , Preethi Jyothi

The goal of voice anonymization is to modify an audio such that the true identity of its speaker is hidden. Research on this task is typically limited to the same English read speech datasets, thus the efficacy of current methods for other…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-03 Sarina Meyer , Ekaterina Kolos , Ngoc Thang Vu

Languages usually switch within a multilingual speech signal, especially in a bilingual society. This phenomenon is referred to as code-switching (CS), making automatic speech recognition (ASR) challenging under a multilingual scenario. We…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-02 Hexin Liu , Leibny Paola Garcia , Xiangyu Zhang , Andy W. H. Khong , Sanjeev Khudanpur

Spoken dialog systems need to be able to handle both multiple languages and multilinguality inside a conversation (\textit{e.g} in case of code-switching). In this work, we introduce new pretraining losses tailored to learn multilingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Emile Chapuis , Pierre Colombo , Matthieu Labeau , Chloe Clavel

Code-switching (CS), the alternation between two or more languages within a single speaker's utterances, is common in real-world conversations and poses significant challenges for multilingual speech technology. However, systems capable of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Sangmin Lee , Woojin Chung , Seyun Um , Hong-Goo Kang

Practical needs of developing task-oriented dialogue assistants require the ability to understand many languages. Novel benchmarks for multilingual natural language understanding (NLU) include monolingual sentences in several languages,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Alexey Birshert , Ekaterina Artemova

Why do bilingual speakers code-switch (mix their two languages)? Among the several theories that attempt to explain this natural and ubiquitous phenomenon, the Triggering Hypothesis relates code-switching to the presence of lexical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Shuly Wintner , Safaa Shehadi , Yuli Zeira , Doreen Osmelak , Yuval Nov

In this paper, we particularly work on the code-switched text, one of the most common occurrences in the bilingual communities across the world. Due to the discrepancies in the extraction of code-switched text from an Automated Speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Ahan M. R. , Shreyas Sunil Kulkarni

Code-switching poses a number of challenges and opportunities for multilingual automatic speech recognition. In this paper, we focus on the question of robust and fair evaluation metrics. To that end, we develop a reference benchmark data…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-30 Injy Hamed , Amir Hussein , Oumnia Chellah , Shammur Chowdhury , Hamdy Mubarak , Sunayana Sitaram , Nizar Habash , Ahmed Ali

Conversational User Interfaces such as Voice Assistants are hugely popular. Yet they are designed to be monolingual by default, lacking support for, or sensitivity to, the bilingual dialogue experience. In this provocation paper, we…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Helin Cihan , Yunhan Wu , Paola Peña , Justin Edwards , Benjamin Cowan

Code-switching (CS) is a widespread phenomenon among bilingual and multilingual societies. The lack of CS resources hinders the performance of many NLP tasks. In this work, we explore the potential use of bilingual word embeddings for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-25 Injy Hamed , Moritz Zhu , Mohamed Elmahdy , Slim Abdennadher , Ngoc Thang Vu

Despite achieving impressive results on standard benchmarks, large foundational models still struggle against code-switching test cases. When data scarcity cannot be used as the usual justification for poor performance, the reason may lie…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Enes Yavuz Ugan , Ngoc-Quan Pham , Alexander Waibel

Mixed language data is one of the difficult yet less explored domains of natural language processing. Most research in fields like machine translation or sentiment analysis assume monolingual input. However, people who are capable of using…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2014-12-23 Joseph Chee Chang , Chu-Cheng Lin

Recent developments in reasoning capabilities have enabled large language models to solve increasingly complex mathematical, symbolic, and logical tasks. Interestingly, while reasoning models are often trained to generate monolingual text,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Eleanor M. Lin , David Jurgens

Recent improvement in large language models, open doors for certain new experiences for on-device applications which were not possible before. In this work, we propose 3 such new experiences in 2 categories. First we discuss experiences…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Naman Goyal