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Graph data is ubiquitous in the physical world, and it has always been a challenge to efficiently model graph structures using a unified paradigm for the understanding and reasoning on various graphs. Moreover, in the era of large language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Qihang Ai , Jianwu Zhou , Haiyun Jiang , Lemao Liu , Shuming Shi

Key information extraction from document images is of paramount importance in office automation. Conventional template matching based approaches fail to generalize well to document images of unseen templates, and are not robust against text…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-29 Hongbin Sun , Zhanghui Kuang , Xiaoyu Yue , Chenhao Lin , Wayne Zhang

Our interest in this paper is in meeting a rapidly growing industrial demand for information extraction from images of documents such as invoices, bills, receipts etc. In practice users are able to provide a very small number of example…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-06-07 Vishal Sunder , Ashwin Srinivasan , Lovekesh Vig , Gautam Shroff , Rohit Rahul

Thanks to recent advancements in machine learning, vector-based methods have been adopted in many modern information retrieval (IR) systems. While showing promising retrieval performance, these approaches typically fail to explain why a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Boqi Chen , Kua Chen , Yujing Yang , Afshin Amini , Bharat Saxena , Cecilia Chávez-García , Majid Babaei , Amir Feizpour , Dániel Varró

Understanding and extracting of information from large documents, such as business opportunities, academic articles, medical documents and technical reports, poses challenges not present in short documents. Such large documents may be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-10 Muhammad Mahbubur Rahman , Tim Finin

Graph convolutional neural networks (GCNs) generalize tradition convolutional neural networks (CNNs) from low-dimensional regular graphs (e.g., image) to high dimensional irregular graphs (e.g., text documents on word embeddings). Due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Mehrnaz Najafi , Philip S. Yu

Document Image Binarization is a well-known problem in Document Analysis and Computer Vision, although it is far from being solved. One of the main challenges of this task is that documents generally exhibit degradations and acquisition…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Fabio Quattrini , Vittorio Pippi , Silvia Cascianelli , Rita Cucchiara

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) systems struggle with processing multimodal documents of varying structural complexity. This paper introduces a novel multi-strategy parsing approach using LLM-powered OCR to extract content from diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Arnau Perez , Xavier Vizcaino

Conventional Optical Character Recognition (OCR) systems are challenged by variant invoice layouts, handwritten text, and low-quality scans, which are often caused by strong template dependencies that restrict their flexibility across…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Khushi Khanchandani , Advait Thakur , Akshita Shetty , Chaitravi Reddy , Ritisa Behera

Image retrieval relies heavily on the quality of the data modeling and the distance measurement in the feature space. Building on the concept of image manifold, we first propose to represent the feature space of images, learned via neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-20 Haoyu Dong , Ze Wang , Qiang Qiu , Guillermo Sapiro

Graphs can be used to effectively represent complex data structures. Learning these irregular data in graphs is challenging and still suffers from shallow learning. Applying deep learning on graphs has recently showed good performance in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-16 Thosini Bamunu Mudiyanselage , Xiujuan Lei , Nipuna Senanayake , Yanqing Zhang , Yi Pan

Retrieving accurate details from documents is a crucial task, especially when handling a combination of scanned images and native digital formats. This document presents a combined framework for text extraction that merges Optical Character…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Rasha Sinha , Rekha B S

Form understanding depends on both textual contents and organizational structure. Although modern OCR performs well, it is still challenging to realize general form understanding because forms are commonly used and of various formats. The…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Zilong Wang , Mingjie Zhan , Xuebo Liu , Ding Liang

In this paper, we introduce Technical-Embeddings, a novel framework designed to optimize semantic retrieval in technical documentation, with applications in both hardware and software development. Our approach addresses the challenges of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Songjiang Lai , Tsun-Hin Cheung , Ka-Chun Fung , Kaiwen Xue , Kwan-Ho Lin , Yan-Ming Choi , Vincent Ng , Kin-Man Lam

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has become a core paradigm in document question answering tasks. However, existing methods have limitations when dealing with multimodal documents: one category of methods relies on layout analysis and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Wang Chen , Wenhan Yu , Guanqiang Qi , Weikang Li , Yang Li , Lei Sha , Deguo Xia , Jizhou Huang

We introduce a novel type of text representation that preserves the 2D layout of a document. This is achieved by encoding each document page as a two-dimensional grid of characters. Based on this representation, we present a generic…

Recent progress in pretrained Transformer-based language models has shown great success in learning contextual representation of text. However, due to the quadratic self-attention complexity, most of the pretrained Transformers models can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Peng Xu , Xinchi Chen , Xiaofei Ma , Zhiheng Huang , Bing Xiang

One of the principal tasks of machine learning with major applications is text classification. This paper focuses on the legal domain and, in particular, on the classification of lengthy legal documents. The main challenge that this study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-17 Lulu Wan , George Papageorgiou , Michael Seddon , Mirko Bernardoni

Visual Document Retrieval (VDR) models mostly rely on late interaction architectures, in which documents are represented by a set of local patch embeddings and then matched against query tokens. While efficient, this architecture…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Pascal Tilli , Mohsen Mesgar

Dense retrieval has achieved impressive advances in first-stage retrieval from a large-scale document collection, which is built on bi-encoder architecture to produce single vector representation of query and document. However, a document…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Shunyu Zhang , Yaobo Liang , Ming Gong , Daxin Jiang , Nan Duan