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Explainable artificial intelligence promises to yield insights into relevant features, thereby enabling humans to examine and scrutinize machine learning models or even facilitating scientific discovery. Considering the widespread technique…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Jörg Martin , Stefan Haufe

We emphasize the importance of asking the right question when interpreting the decisions of a learning model. We discuss a natural extension of the theoretical machinery from Janzing et. al. 2020, which answers the question "Why did my…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-11 Debraj Basu

This work focuses on developing efficient post-hoc explanations for quantum AI algorithms. In classical contexts, the cooperative game theory concept of the Shapley value adapts naturally to post-hoc explanations, where it can be used to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-18 Iain Burge , Michel Barbeau , Joaquin Garcia-Alfaro

Deep neural networks have demonstrated remarkable performance across various domains, yet their decision-making processes remain opaque. Although many explanation methods are dedicated to bringing the obscurity of DNNs to light, they…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Kanglong Fan , Yunqiao Yang , Chen Ma

Attribution scores reflect how important the feature values in an input entity are for the output of a machine learning model. One of the most popular attribution scores is the SHAP score, which is an instantiation of the general Shapley…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Santiago Cifuentes , Leopoldo Bertossi , Nina Pardal , Sergio Abriola , Maria Vanina Martinez , Miguel Romero

Feature selection is a crucial step in developing robust and powerful machine learning models. Feature selection techniques can be divided into two categories: filter and wrapper methods. While wrapper methods commonly result in strong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-07 Jarne Verhaeghe , Jeroen Van Der Donckt , Femke Ongenae , Sofie Van Hoecke

Because of their strong theoretical properties, Shapley values have become very popular as a way to explain predictions made by black box models. Unfortuately, most existing techniques to compute Shapley values are computationally very…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-29 Arne Gevaert , Yvan Saeys

Shapley values have become one of the most popular feature attribution explanation methods. However, most prior work has focused on post-hoc Shapley explanations, which can be computationally demanding due to its exponential time complexity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-07 Rui Wang , Xiaoqian Wang , David I. Inouye

Kernel methods are powerful and flexible approach to solve many problems in machine learning. Due to the pairwise evaluations in kernel methods, the complexity of kernel computation grows as the data size increases; thus the applicability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-28 Bharath Bhushan Damodaran , Nicolas Courty , Philippe-Henri Gosselin

The presence of artificial intelligence (AI) in our society is increasing, which brings with it the need to understand the behavior of AI mechanisms, including machine learning predictive algorithms fed with tabular data, text or images,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-06 Pedro Delicado , Cristian Pachón-García

Although Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) can be computed in polynomial time for simple models like decision trees, they unfortunately become NP-hard to compute for more expressive black-box models like neural networks - where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Reda Marzouk , Shahaf Bassan , Guy Katz

Predictive Process Analytics is becoming an essential aid for organizations, providing online operational support of their processes. However, process stakeholders need to be provided with an explanation of the reasons why a given process…

Recent advances in game informatics have enabled us to find strong strategies across a diverse range of games. However, these strategies are usually difficult for humans to interpret. On the other hand, research in Explainable Artificial…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Satoru Fujii

With origins in game theory, probabilistic values like Shapley values, Banzhaf values, and semi-values have emerged as a central tool in explainable AI. They are used for feature attribution, data attribution, data valuation, and more.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-14 R. Teal Witter , Yurong Liu , Christopher Musco

The use of algorithm-agnostic approaches is an emerging area of research for explaining the contribution of individual features towards the predicted outcome. Whilst there is a focus on explaining the prediction itself, a little has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Guilherme Dean Pelegrina , Sajid Siraj

Understanding why a neural network model makes certain decisions can be as important as the inference performance. Various methods have been proposed to help practitioners explain the prediction of a neural network model, of which Shapley…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Yong Zhao , Runxin He , Nicholas Kersting , Can Liu , Shubham Agrawal , Chiranjeet Chetia , Yu Gu

Feature attributions are a common paradigm for model explanations due to their simplicity in assigning a single numeric score for each input feature to a model. In the actionable recourse setting, wherein the goal of the explanations is to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Emanuele Albini , Jason Long , Danial Dervovic , Daniele Magazzeni

As data emerges as a vital driver of technological and economic advancements, a key challenge is accurately quantifying its value in algorithmic decision-making. The Shapley value, a well-established concept from cooperative game theory,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Xi Zheng , Xiangyu Chang , Ruoxi Jia , Yong Tan

Game-theoretic attribution techniques based on Shapley values are used to interpret black-box machine learning models, but their exact calculation is generally NP-hard, requiring approximation methods for non-trivial models. As the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-04 Rory Mitchell , Joshua Cooper , Eibe Frank , Geoffrey Holmes

Explainable AI (XAI) is critical for ensuring transparency, accountability, and trust in machine learning systems as black-box models are increasingly deployed within high-stakes domains. Among XAI methods, Shapley values are widely used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Jiaxin Xu , Hung Chau , Angela Burden