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In this paper, we propose a neural multiscale decomposition method (NeuralMD) for solving the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation (NKGE) with a dimensionless parameter $\varepsilon\in(0,1]$ from the relativistic regime to the nonrelativistic…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-03-16 Zhangyong Liang , Zhiping Mao , Xiaofei Zhao

We establish improved uniform error bounds on time-splitting methods for the long-time dynamics of the nonlinear Klein--Gordon equation (NKGE) with weak cubic nonlinearity, whose strength is characterized by $\varepsilon^2$ with $0 <…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-10-01 Weizhu Bao , Yongyong Cai , Yue Feng

In this paper, we are concerned with two-scale integrators for the non-relativistic Klein--Gordon (NRKG) equation with a dimensionless parameter $0<\varepsilon\ll 1$, which is inversely proportional to the speed of light. The highly…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-12-17 Bin Wang , Zhen Miao , Yaolin Jiang

A group of high order Gautschi-type exponential wave integrators (EWIs) Fourier pseudospectral method are proposed and analyzed for solving the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation (KGE) in the nonrelativistic limit regime, where a parameter…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2016-11-08 Yan Wang , Xiaofei Zhao

We establish uniform error bounds of an exponential wave integrator Fourier pseudospectral (EWI-FP) method for the long-time dynamics of the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation (NKGE) with a cubic nonlinearity whose strength is characterized by…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-03-27 Yue Feng , Wenfan Yi

In this paper, we study the nonrelativistic limit of the cubic nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ with a small parameter $0<\varepsilon \ll 1$, which is inversely proportional to the speed of light. We show that the cubic…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2024-08-12 Weizhu Bao , Yong Lu , Zhifei Zhang

In this paper, we study the non-relativistic limit of the two-dimensional cubic nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation with a small parameter $0<\varepsilon \ll 1$ which is inversely proportional to the speed of light. We show the cubic nonlinear…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-09-11 Yong Lu , Fangzheng Huang

We propose a new and simplified multiscale time integrator Fourier pseudospectral (MTI-FP) method for the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation (NKGE) with a dimensionless parameter epsilon in (0,1] inversely proportional to the speed of light,…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-06 Weizhu Bao , Caoyi Liu

We present the fourth-order compact finite difference (4cFD) discretizations for the long time dynamics of the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation (NKGE), while the nonlinearity strength is characterized by $\varepsilon^p$ with a constant $p…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-03-10 Yue Feng

We propose and analyze a multiscale time integrator Fourier pseudospectral (MTI-FP) method for solving the Klein-Gordon (KG) equation with a dimensionless parameter $0<\varepsilon\leq1$ which is inversely proportional to the speed of light.…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2015-04-14 Weizhu Bao , Yongyong Cai , Xiaofei Zhao

We consider a nonlinear Klein--Gordon equation in the nonrelativistic limit regime with highly oscillatory initial data in the form of a modulated plane wave. In this regime, the solution exhibits rapid oscillations in both time and space,…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-05 Yanyan Shi , Christian Lubich

An improved uniform error bound at $O\left(h^m+\varepsilon^2 \tau^2\right)$ is established in $H^{\alpha/2}$-norm for the long-time dynamics of the nonlinear space fractional Klein-Gordon equation (NSFKGE). A second-order exponential wave…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-03-08 Junqing Jia , Xiaoyun Jiang

We present several numerical methods and establish their error estimates for the discretization of the nonlinear Dirac equation in the nonrelativistic limit regime, involving a small dimensionless parameter $0<\varepsilon\ll 1$ which is…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2017-01-10 Weizhu Bao , Yongyong Cai , Xiaowei Jia , Jia Yin

We establish error bounds of the finite difference time domain (FDTD) methods for the long time dynamics of the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation (NKGE) with a cubic nonlinearity, while the nonlinearity strength is characterized by…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-10-26 Weizhu Bao , Yue Feng , Wenfan Yi

We analyze rigorously error estimates and compare numerically spatial/temporal resolution of various numerical methods for the discretization of the Dirac equation in the nonrelativistic limit regime, involving a small dimensionless…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2017-11-21 Weizhu Bao , Yongyong Cai , Xiaowei Jiao , Qinglin Tang

We study the non relativistic limit of the solutions of the cubic nonlinear Klein--Gordon (KG) equation with periodic boundary conditions on an interval and we construct a family of time quasi periodic solutions which, after a Gauge…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-12-11 Dario Bambusi , Andrea Belloni , Filippo Giuliani

This is the more technical half of a two-part work in which we introduce a robust microlocal framework for analyzing the non-relativistic limit of relativistic wave equations with time-dependent coefficients, focusing on the Klein--Gordon…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-09-12 Andrew Hassell , Qiuye Jia , Ethan Sussman , Andras Vasy

We present and analyze two regularized finite difference methods which preserve energy of the logarithmic Klein-Gordon equation (LogKGE). In order to avoid singularity caused by the logarithmic nonlinearity of the LogKGE, we propose a…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2020-06-17 Jingye Yan , Xu Qian , Hong Zhang , Songhe Song

This is the less technical half of a two-part work in which we introduce a robust microlocal framework for analyzing the non-relativistic limit of relativistic wave equations with time-dependent coefficients, focusing on the Klein--Gordon…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-11-13 Andrew Hassell , Qiuye Jia , Ethan Sussman , Andras Vasy

We establish uniform error bounds of time-splitting Fourier pseudospectral (TSFP) methods for the nonlinear Klein--Gordon equation (NKGE) with weak power-type nonlinearity and $O(1)$ initial data, while the nonlinearity strength is…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-08-17 Weizhu Bao , Yue Feng , Chunmei Su
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