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Quantum networks are a new paradigm of complex networks, allowing us to harness networked quantum technologies and to develop a quantum internet. But how robust is a quantum network when its links and nodes start failing? We show that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-09 Bruno C. Coutinho , William J. Munro , Kae Nemoto , Yasser Omar

As research on building scalable quantum computers advances, it is important to be able to certify their correctness. Due to the exponential hardness of classically simulating quantum computation, straight-forward verification through…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-23 Iskren Vankov , Daniel Mills , Petros Wallden , Elham Kashefi

Quantum network research at both the software stack and hardware implementation level has become an exciting area of quantum information science. Although demonstrations of small-scale quantum networks have emerged in the past decade,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-13 Huiping Lin , Ruixuan Deng , Chris Z. Yao , Zhengfeng Ji , Mingsheng Ying

This article summarises the current status of classical communication networks and identifies some critical open research challenges that can only be solved by leveraging quantum technologies. By now, the main goal of quantum communication…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Roberto Ferrara , Riccardo Bassoli , Christian Deppe , Frank H. P. Fitzek , Holger Boche

In the past decade, several small-scale quantum key distribution networks have been established. However, the deployment of large-scale quantum networks depends on the development of quantum repeaters, quantum channels, quantum memories,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-27 Nitin Jha , Abhishek Parakh , Mahadevan Subramaniam

Quantum Internetworking is a recent field that promises numerous interesting applications, many of which require the distribution of entanglement between arbitrary pairs of users. This work deals with the problem of scheduling in an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-29 Paolo Fittipaldi , Anastasios Giovanidis , Frédéric Grosshans

We investigate prepare-and-measure scenarios in which a sender and a receiver use entanglement to send quantum information over a channel with limited capacity. We formalise this framework, identify its basic properties and provide…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Elna Svegborn , Jef Pauwels , Armin Tavakoli

Quantum network is a promising platform for many ground-breaking applications that lie beyond the capability of its classical counterparts. Efficient entanglement generation on quantum networks with relatively limited resources such as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-08 Changhao Li , Tianyi Li , Yi-Xiang Liu , Paola Cappellaro

In a world where Quantum Networks are rapidly becoming a reality, the development of the Quantum Internet is gaining increasing interest. Nevertheless, modern quantum networks are still in the early stages of development and have limited…

Quantum networks are essential for advancing scalable quantum information processing. Quantum nonlocality sharing provides a crucial strategy for the resource-efficient recycling of quantum correlations, offering a promising pathway toward…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Ming-Xiao Li , Yuqi Li , Rui-Bin Xu , Mo-Ran Zhu , Haitao Ma , Chang-Yue Zhang , Zhu-Jun Zheng

The complementary features of different qubit platforms for computing and communicating impose an intrinsic hardware heterogeneity in any quantum network, where nodes, while processing and storing quantum information, must also communicate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-14 Marcello Caleffi , Laura d'Avossa , Xu Han , Angela Sara Cacciapuoti

Performing complex cryptographic tasks will be an essential element in future quantum communication networks. These tasks are based on a handful of fundamental primitives, such as coin flipping, where two distrustful parties wish to agree…

Quantum networks are composed of quantum nodes that interact coherently by way of quantum channels and open a broad frontier of scientific opportunities. For example, a quantum network can serve as a `web' for connecting quantum processors…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-10-31 K. S. Choi , A. Goban , S. B. Papp , S. J. van Enk , H. J. Kimble

Quantum networks are expected to be heterogeneous systems, combining distinct qubit platforms, photon wavelengths, and device timescales to achieve scalable, multiuser connectivity. Building and iterating on such systems is costly and slow,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-05 Hayden Miller , Caitao Zhan , Michael Bishof , Joaquin Chung , Han Xu , Prem Kumar , Rajkumar Kettimuthu

Distributed quantum networks will allow users to perform tasks and to interact in ways which are not possible with present-day technology. Their implementation is a key challenge for quantum science and requires the development of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-21 Andreas Reiserer , Gerhard Rempe

The heterogeneity of quantum link architectures is an essential theme in designing quantum networks for technological interoperability and possibly performance optimization. However, the performance of heterogeneously connected quantum…

Q2NS is an open-source quantum network simulator built on ns-3, the de facto standard for classical network simulation. By inheriting ns-3's mature classical stack and event-driven execution model, Q2NS enables faithful co-simulation of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-03 Francesco Mazza , Adam Pearson , Marcello Caleffi , Angela Sara Cacciapuoti

We study here the conditions to perform the distribution of a pure state on a quantum network using quantum operations which can succeed with a non-zero probability, the Stochastic Local Operation and Classical Communication (SLOCC)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-13 Clément Meignant , Frédéric Grosshans , Damian Markham

Quantum transmission links are central elements in essentially all protocols involving the exchange of quantum messages. Emerging progress in quantum technologies involving such links needs to be accompanied by appropriate certification…

We introduce NetQASM, a low-level instruction set architecture for quantum internet applications. NetQASM is a universal, platform-independent and extendable instruction set with support for local quantum gates, powerful classical logic and…