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Natural learners must compute an estimate of future outcomes that follow from a stimulus in continuous time. Widely used reinforcement learning algorithms discretize continuous time and estimate either transition functions from one step to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Zoran Tiganj , Samuel J. Gershman , Per B. Sederberg , Marc W. Howard

Symbolic Regression (SR) holds great potential for uncovering underlying mathematical and physical relationships from observed data. However, the vast combinatorial space of possible expressions poses significant challenges for both online…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Yuan Tian , Wenqi Zhou , Michele Viscione , Hao Dong , David Kammer , Olga Fink

Symbolic Regression (SR) holds great potential for uncovering underlying mathematical and physical relationships from observed data. However, the vast combinatorial space of possible expressions poses significant challenges for both online…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Yuan Tian , Wenqi Zhou , Michele Viscione , Hao Dong , David Kammer , Olga Fink

When neural networks are used to solve differential equations, they usually produce solutions in the form of black-box functions that are not directly mathematically interpretable. We introduce a method for generating symbolic expressions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Maysum Panju , Ali Ghodsi

This works handles the inverse reinforcement learning problem in high-dimensional state spaces, which relies on an efficient solution of model-based high-dimensional reinforcement learning problems. To solve the computationally expensive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-08-28 Kun Li , Joel W. Burdick

Reinforcement learning (RL) methods usually treat reward functions as black boxes. As such, these methods must extensively interact with the environment in order to discover rewards and optimal policies. In most RL applications, however,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Rodrigo Toro Icarte , Toryn Q. Klassen , Richard Valenzano , Sheila A. McIlraith

Symbolic regression is a machine learning method with the goal to produce interpretable results. Unlike other machine learning methods such as, e.g. random forests or neural networks, which are opaque, symbolic regression aims to model and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Yousef A. Radwan , Gabriel Kronberger , Stephan Winkler

Symbolic regression automates the process of learning closed-form mathematical models from data. Standard approaches to symbolic regression, as well as newer deep learning approaches, rely on heuristic model selection criteria, heuristic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-29 Roger Guimera , Marta Sales-Pardo

Policy gradient methods are an appealing approach in reinforcement learning because they directly optimize the cumulative reward and can straightforwardly be used with nonlinear function approximators such as neural networks. The two main…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-23 John Schulman , Philipp Moritz , Sergey Levine , Michael Jordan , Pieter Abbeel

Learned representations in deep reinforcement learning (DRL) have to extract task-relevant information from complex observations, balancing between robustness to distraction and informativeness to the policy. Such stable and rich…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Mete Kemertas , Tristan Aumentado-Armstrong

The Bellman equation and its continuous form, the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation, are ubiquitous in reinforcement learning and control theory. However, these equations become intractable for high-dimensional or nonlinear systems. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Preston Rozwood , Edward Mehrez , Ludger Paehler , Wen Sun , Steven L. Brunton

Developing mathematical models of dynamic systems is central to many disciplines of engineering and science. Models facilitate simulations, analysis of the system's behavior, decision making and design of automatic control algorithms. Even…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-19 Erik Derner , Jiří Kubalík , Nicola Ancona , Robert Babuška

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms still suffer from high sample complexity despite outstanding recent successes. The need for intensive interactions with the environment is especially observed in many widely popular policy gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Samuele Tosatto , Joao Carvalho , Hany Abdulsamad , Jan Peters

Many machine learning strategies designed to automate mathematical tasks leverage neural networks to search large combinatorial spaces of mathematical symbols. In contrast to traditional evolutionary approaches, using a neural network at…

Improving data utilization efficiency is critical for scaling reinforcement learning (RL) for long-horizon tasks where generating trajectories is expensive. However, the dominant RL methods for LLMs are largely on-policy: they update each…

We demonstrate the use of symbolic regression in deriving analytical formulas, which are needed at various stages of a typical experimental analysis in collider phenomenology. As a first application, we consider kinematic variables like the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2023-03-29 Zhongtian Dong , Kyoungchul Kong , Konstantin T. Matchev , Katia Matcheva

In nature, the behaviors of many complex systems can be described by parsimonious math equations. Automatically distilling these equations from limited data is cast as a symbolic regression process which hitherto remains a grand challenge.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Yilong Xu , Yang Liu , Hao Sun

In this work, we study value function approximation in reinforcement learning (RL) problems with high dimensional state or action spaces via a generalized version of representation policy iteration (RPI). We consider the limitations of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-18 Sephora Madjiheurem , Laura Toni

Deep Reinforcement Learning has enabled the learning of policies for complex tasks in partially observable environments, without explicitly learning the underlying model of the tasks. While such model-free methods achieve considerable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-01-11 Tanmay Shankar , Santosha K. Dwivedy , Prithwijit Guha

The process of discovering equations from data lies at the heart of physics and in many other areas of research, including mathematical ecology and epidemiology. Recently, machine learning methods known as symbolic regression emerged as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Beatriz R. Brum , Luiza Lober , Isolde Previdelli , Francisco A. Rodrigues