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Projected entangled pair states (PEPS) on finite two-dimensional lattices are a natural ansatz for representing ground states of local many-body Hamiltonians, as they inherently satisfy the boundary law of entanglement entropy. In this…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2025-05-14 Daniel Alcalde Puente , Erik Lennart Weerda , Konrad Schröder , Matteo Rizzi

The 1-form symmetry, manifesting as loop-like symmetries, has gained prominence in the study of quantum phases, deepening our understanding of symmetry. However, the role of 1-form symmetries in Projected Entangled-Pair States (PEPS),…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2024-08-02 Yi Tan , Ji-Yao Chen , Didier Poilblanc , Fei Ye , Jia-Wei Mei

These are lecture notes from the 44th IFF Spring School "Quantum Information Processing" in Juelich, discussing applications of entanglement theory in condensed matter. The focus of the notes is on tensor network states, in particular…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-06-25 Norbert Schuch

We show that projected entangled-pair states (PEPS) can describe chiral topologically ordered phases. For that, we construct a simple PEPS for spin-1/2 particles in a two-dimensional lattice. We reveal a symmetry in the local projector of…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2015-03-11 Shuo Yang , Thorsten B. Wahl , Hong-Hao Tu , Norbert Schuch , J. Ignacio Cirac

We show that Projected Entangled-Pair States (PEPS) in two spatial dimensions can describe chiral topological states by explicitly constructing a family of such states with a non-trivial Chern number. They are ground states of two different…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2013-12-20 T. B. Wahl , H. -H. Tu , N. Schuch , J. I. Cirac

We demonstrate that projected entangled-pair states (PEPS) are able to represent ground states of critical, fermionic systems exhibiting both 1d and 0d Fermi surfaces on a 2D lattice with an efficient scaling of the bond dimension.…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2022-11-17 Quinten Mortier , Norbert Schuch , Frank Verstraete , Jutho Haegeman

The projected entangled pair state (PEPS) representation of quantum states on two-dimensional lattices induces an entanglement based hierarchy in state space. We show that the lowest levels of this hierarchy exhibit an enormously rich…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 F. Verstraete , M. M. Wolf , D. Perez-Garcia , J. I. Cirac

We propose a new class of tensor-network states, which we name projected entangled simplex states (PESS), for studying the ground-state properties of quantum lattice models. These states extend the pair-correlation basis of projected…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2014-04-18 Z. Y. Xie , J. Chen , J. F. Yu , X. Kong , B. Normand , T. Xiang

Algorithms to simulate the ring-exchange models using the projected entangled pair states (PEPS) are developed. We generalize the imaginary time evolution (ITE) method to optimize PEPS wave functions for the models with ring-exchange…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-02 Chao Wang , Shaojun Dong , Yongjian Han , Lixin He

The projected entangled pair states (PEPS) methods have been proved to be powerful tools to solve the strongly correlated quantum many-body problems in two-dimension. However, due to the high computational scaling with the virtual bond…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-31 Wen-Yuan Liu , Shao-Jun Dong , Yong-Jian Han , Guang-Can Guo , Lixin He

Projected entangled-pair states (PEPS) constitute a powerful variational ansatz for capturing ground state physics of two-dimensional quantum systems. However, accurately computing and minimizing the energy expectation value remains…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2025-08-15 Wei Tang , Laurens Vanderstraeten , Jutho Haegeman

We develop tangent space methods for projected entangled-pair states (PEPS) that provide direct access to the low-energy sector of strongly-correlated two-dimensional quantum systems. More specifically, we construct a variational ansatz for…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2015-12-02 Laurens Vanderstraeten , Michaël Mariën , Frank Verstraete , Jutho Haegeman

The infinite projected entangled pair states (iPEPS) technique [J. Jordan {\it et al.}, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 101}, 250602 (2008)] has been widely used in the recent years to assess the properties of two-dimensional quantum systems, working…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2019-08-23 Juraj Hasik , Federico Becca

We present a conjugate-gradient method for the ground-state optimization of projected entangled-pair states (PEPS) in the thermodynamic limit, as a direct implementation of the variational principle within the PEPS manifold. Our…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2016-11-08 Laurens Vanderstraeten , Jutho Haegeman , Philippe Corboz , Frank Verstraete

An algorithm for imaginary time evolution of a fermionic projected entangled pair state (PEPS) with ancillas from infinite temperature down to a finite temperature state is presented. As a benchmark application, it is applied to spinless…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2015-06-18 Piotr Czarnik , Jacek Dziarmaga

The approximate contraction of a Projected Entangled Pair States (PEPS) tensor network is a fundamental ingredient of any PEPS algorithm, required for the optimization of the tensors in ground state search or time evolution, as well as for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-04-08 Michael Lubasch , J. Ignacio Cirac , Mari-Carmen Bañuls

We present a continuous tensor-network construction for the states of quantum fields called cPEPS (continuous projected entangled pair state), which enjoys the same spatial and global symmetries of ground-states of relativistic field…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-24 Tom Shachar , Erez Zohar

Associating a physical process with the pure entangled state 1/sqrt 2 (|00> + |11>) is an idealization unless the pair is so prepared using an appropriate quantum gate operating on a known state. Questions related to the reference frame for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Subhash Kak

Projected entangled pair states (PEPS) constitute a variational family of quantum states with area-law entanglement. PEPS are particularly relevant and successful for studying ground states of spatially local Hamiltonians. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-13 Dylan Harley , Freek Witteveen , Daniel Malz

We introduce a family of tensor network states that we term semi-injective Projected Entangled-Pair States (PEPS). They extend the class of injective PEPS and include other states, like the ground states of the AKLT and the CZX models in…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2018-12-04 Andras Molnar , Yimin Ge , Norbert Schuch , J. Ignacio Cirac