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We investigate how well continuous-time fictitious play in two-player games performs in terms of average payoff, particularly compared to Nash equilibrium payoff. We show that in many games, fictitious play outperforms Nash equilibrium on…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2014-11-20 Georg Ostrovski , Sebastian van Strien

Graphon games have been introduced to study games with many players who interact through a weighted graph of interaction. By passing to the limit, a game with a continuum of players is obtained, in which the interactions are through a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-02 Mathieu Laurière , Ludovic Tangpi , Xuchen Zhou

We study two-layer neural networks in the mean field limit, where the number of neurons tends to infinity. In this regime, the optimization over the neuron parameters becomes the optimization over the probability measures, and by adding an…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-08-17 Fan Chen , Zhenjie Ren , Songbo Wang

We develop a flexible stochastic approximation framework for analyzing the long-run behavior of learning in games (both continuous and finite). The proposed analysis template incorporates a wide array of popular learning algorithms,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Panayotis Mertikopoulos , Ya-Ping Hsieh , Volkan Cevher

Fictitious play with reinforcement learning is a general and effective framework for zero-sum games. However, using the current deep neural network models, the implementation of fictitious play faces crucial challenges. Neural network model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-02 Rong-Jun Qin , Jing-Cheng Pang , Yang Yu

In this paper, the problem of finding a Nash equilibrium of a multi-player game is considered. The players are only aware of their own cost functions as well as the action space of all players. We develop a relatively fast algorithm within…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-05-09 Farzad Salehisadaghiani , Lacra Pavel

We consider a symmetric $n$-player nonzero-sum stochastic differential game with controlled jumps and mean-field type interaction among the players. Each player minimizes some expected cost by affecting the drift as well as the jump part of…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-05-14 Chiara Benazzoli , Luciano Campi , Luca Di Persio

We study the convergence properties of decentralized fictitious play (DFP) for the class of near-potential games where the incentives of agents are nearly aligned with a potential function. In DFP, agents share information only with their…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-19 Sarper Aydın , Sina Arefizadeh , Ceyhun Eksin

This work proposes a novel distributed approach for computing a Nash equilibrium in convex games with merely monotone and restricted strongly monotone pseudo-gradients. By leveraging the idea of the centralized operator extrapolation method…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-18 Tatiana Tatarenko , Angelia Nedich

Fictitious play (FP) is a well-studied algorithm that enables agents to learn Nash equilibrium in games with certain reward structures. However, when agents have no prior knowledge of the reward functions, FP faces a major challenge: the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Semih Kara , Tamer Başar

We develop the fictitious play algorithm in the context of the linear programming approach for mean field games of optimal stopping and mean field games with regular control and absorption. This algorithm allows to approximate the mean…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-01-25 Roxana Dumitrescu , Marcos Leutscher , Peter Tankov

Game theory is a very profound study on distributed decision-making behavior and has been extensively developed by many scholars. However, many existing works rely on certain strict assumptions such as knowing the opponent's private…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Kuo Chun Tsai , Zhu Han

A mean-field game (MFG) seeks the Nash Equilibrium of a game involving a continuum of players, where the Nash Equilibrium corresponds to a fixed point of the best-response mapping. However, simple fixed-point iterations do not always…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-15 Jiajia Yu , Xiuyuan Cheng , Jian-Guo Liu , Hongkai Zhao

In this paper, we investigate a class of nonzero-sum dynamic stochastic games, where players have linear dynamics and quadratic cost functions. The players are coupled in both dynamics and cost through a linear regression (weighted average)…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-10-20 Jalal Arabneydi , Amir G. Aghdam , Roland P. Malhamé

The distributed computation of equilibria and optima has seen growing interest in a broad collection of networked problems. We consider the computation of equilibria of convex stochastic Nash games characterized by a possibly nonconvex…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-08-05 Jinlong Lei , Uday V. Shanbhag

Static potential games are non-cooperative games which admit a fictitious function, also referred to as a potential function, such that the minimizers of this function constitute a subset (or a refinement) of the Nash equilibrium strategies…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-08 Aathira Prasad , Puduru Viswanadha Reddy

We consider an $N$-player game where the states of the players evolve with time as Stochastic Differential Equations (SDEs) with interaction only in the drift terms. Each player controls the drift of the SDE satisfied by her state process,…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-03-24 Erhan Bayraktar , Nikolaos Kolliopoulos

We propose a novel neural network architecture, called Non-Trainable Modification (NTM), for computing Nash equilibria in stochastic differential games (SDGs) on graphs. These games model a broad class of graph-structured multi-agent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Ruimeng Hu , Jihao Long , Haosheng Zhou

In stochastic Nash equilibrium problems (SNEPs), it is natural for players to be uncertain about their complex environments and have multi-dimensional unknown parameters in their models. Among various SNEPs, this paper focuses on locally…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-04-06 Yuanhanqing Huang , Jianghai Hu

Nash equilibrium is a central concept in game theory. Several Nash solvers exist, yet none scale to normal-form games with many actions and many players, especially those with payoff tensors too big to be stored in memory. In this work, we…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-02-07 Ian Gemp , Rahul Savani , Marc Lanctot , Yoram Bachrach , Thomas Anthony , Richard Everett , Andrea Tacchetti , Tom Eccles , János Kramár