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In multiple instance learning, objects are sets (bags) of feature vectors (instances) rather than individual feature vectors. In this paper we address the problem of how these bags can best be represented. Two standard approaches are to use…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-07-12 Veronika Cheplygina , David M. J. Tax , Marco Loog

We describe a novel weakly supervised deep learning framework that combines both the discriminative and generative models to learn meaningful representation in the multiple instance learning (MIL) setting. MIL is a weakly supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-09 Shabnam Ghaffarzadegan

Not all supervised learning problems are described by a pair of a fixed-size input tensor and a label. In some cases, especially in medical image analysis, a label corresponds to a bag of instances (e.g. image patches), and to classify such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Dawid Rymarczyk , Adriana Borowa , Jacek Tabor , Bartosz Zieliński

The multilabel learning problem with large number of labels, features, and data-points has generated a tremendous interest recently. A recurring theme of these problems is that only a few labels are active in any given datapoint as compared…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-02-20 Akshay Soni , Yashar Mehdad

A new multi-attention based method for solving the MIL problem (MAMIL), which takes into account the neighboring patches or instances of each analyzed patch in a bag, is proposed. In the method, one of the attention modules takes into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Andrei V. Konstantinov , Lev V. Utkin

Multiple Instance Learning is the predominant method for Whole Slide Image classification in digital pathology, enabling the use of slide-level labels to supervise model training. Although MIL eliminates the tedious fine-grained annotation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Chen Shu , Boyu Fu , Yiman Li , Ting Yin , Wenchuan Zhang , Jie Chen , Yuhao Yi , Hong Bu

Aerial scenes are more complicated in terms of object distribution and spatial arrangement than natural scenes due to the bird view, and thus remain challenging to learn discriminative scene representation. Recent solutions design…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Jingjun Yi , Beichen Zhou

We generalise the problem of reward modelling (RM) for reinforcement learning (RL) to handle non-Markovian rewards. Existing work assumes that human evaluators observe each step in a trajectory independently when providing feedback on agent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Joseph Early , Tom Bewley , Christine Evers , Sarvapali Ramchurn

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) offers a natural solution for settings where only coarse, bag-level labels are available, without having access to instance-level annotations. This is usually the case in digital pathology, which consists of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Andreas Lolos , Stergios Christodoulidis , Aris L. Moustakas , Jose Dolz , Maria Vakalopoulou

Learning accurate object detectors often requires large-scale training data with precise object bounding boxes. However, labeling such data is expensive and time-consuming. As the crowd-sourcing labeling process and the ambiguities of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-21 Chengxin Liu , Kewei Wang , Hao Lu , Zhiguo Cao , Ziming Zhang

We propose a new formulation of Multiple-Instance Learning (MIL), in which a unit of data consists of a set of instances called a bag. The goal is to find a good classifier of bags based on the similarity with a "shapelet" (or pattern),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-14 Daiki Suehiro , Kohei Hatano , Eiji Takimoto , Shuji Yamamoto , Kenichi Bannai , Akiko Takeda

Multi-Instance Learning (MIL) is a recent machine learning paradigm which is immensely useful in various real-life applications, like image analysis, video anomaly detection, text classification, etc. It is well known that most of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Yu-Xuan Zhang , Hua Meng , Xue-Mei Cao , Zhengchun Zhou , Mei Yang , Avik Ranjan Adhikary

This paper presents a simple unsupervised visual representation learning method with a pretext task of discriminating all images in a dataset using a parametric, instance-level classifier. The overall framework is a replica of a supervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-10 Yu Liu , Lianghua Huang , Pan Pan , Bin Wang , Yinghui Xu , Rong Jin

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) has been widely applied to medical imaging diagnosis, where bag labels are known and instance labels inside bags are unknown. Traditional MIL assumes that instances in each bag are independent samples from a…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-19 Yunan Wu , Francisco M. Castro-Macías , Pablo Morales-Álvarez , Rafael Molina , Aggelos K. Katsaggelos

Instance-level image classification tasks have traditionally relied on single-instance labels to train models, e.g., few-shot learning and transfer learning. However, set-level coarse-grained labels that capture relationships among…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Renyu Zhang , Aly A. Khan , Yuxin Chen , Robert L. Grossman

In video surveillance, person re-identification is the task of searching person images in non-overlapping cameras. Though supervised methods for person re-identification have attained impressive performance, obtaining large scale cross-view…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-10 T M Feroz Ali , Subhasis Chaudhuri

The dynamic environment of laboratories and clinics, with streams of data arriving on a daily basis, requires regular updates of trained machine learning models for consistent performance. Continual learning is supposed to help train models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Zahra Ebrahimi , Raheleh Salehi , Nassir Navab , Carsten Marr , Ario Sadafi

In traditional multiple instance learning (MIL), both positive and negative bags are required to learn a prediction function. However, a high human cost is needed to know the label of each bag---positive or negative. Only positive bags…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-03-17 Zhen Hu , Zhuyin Xue

One way to extract patterns from clinical records is to consider each patient record as a bag with various number of instances in the form of symptoms. Medical diagnosis is to discover informative ones first and then map them to one or more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-10 Zeyuan Wang , Josiah Poon , Shiding Sun , Simon Poon

Multi-label learning deals with the classification problems where each instance can be assigned with multiple labels simultaneously. Conventional multi-label learning approaches mainly focus on exploiting label correlations. It is usually…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-07-08 Xiangnan Kong , Zhaoming Wu , Li-Jia Li , Ruofei Zhang , Philip S. Yu , Hang Wu , Wei Fan