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We present a new method, the Coupled Escape Probability (CEP), for exact calculation of line emission from multi-level systems, solving only algebraic equations for the level populations. The CEP formulation of the classical two-level…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Moshe Elitzur , Andres Asensio Ramos

The translation of written language has been known since the 3rd century BC; however, its necessity has become increasingly common in the information age. Today, many translators exist, based on encoder-decoder deep architectures,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Ronit D. Gross , Yanir Harel , Ido Kanter

In this paper, we introduce a flexible and widely applicable nonparametric entropy-based testing procedure that can be used to assess the validity of simple hypotheses about a specific parametric population distribution. The testing…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-01-19 Ron Mittelhammer , George Judge , Miguel Henry

We derive the entropy production for transport of multi-phase fluids in a non-deformable, porous medium exposed to differences in pressure, temperature, and chemical potentials. Thermodynamic extensive variables on the macro-scale are…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2020-12-03 Signe Kjelstrup , Dick Bedeaux , Alex Hansen , Bjørn Hafskjold , Olav Galteland

The concepts of information transfer and causal effect have received much recent attention, yet often the two are not appropriately distinguished and certain measures have been suggested to be suitable for both. We discuss two existing…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2012-03-05 Joseph T. Lizier , Mikhail Prokopenko

An axiomatic foundation regarding the entropy for complex systems is established. Missing from decades of research was the requirement that entropy must measure the uncertainty at the informational scale of the maximizing distribution,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-29 Kenric P. Nelson

We propose a new estimator to measure directed dependencies in time series. The dimensionality of data is first reduced using a new non-uniform embedding technique, where the variables are ranked according to a weighted sum of the amount of…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-12-02 Payam Shahsavari Baboukani , Carina Graversen , Emina Alickovic , Jan Østergaard

Measuring the complexity of high-dimensional data in physical systems becomes a critical factor in determining the information and quality of the systems. However, traditional metrics, such as Lyapunov exponent, fractal dimension, and…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-03-03 Seong-Gyun Im , Taewoo Kang , S. Joon Kwon

Inferring models, predicting the future, and estimating the entropy rate of discrete-time, discrete-event processes is well-worn ground. However, a much broader class of discrete-event processes operates in continuous-time. Here, we provide…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-05-11 S. E. Marzen , J. P. Crutchfield

This paper considers the problem of data compression for dependent quantum systems. It is the second in a series under the same title. As in the previous paper, we are interested in Lempel--Ziv encoding for quantum Gibbs ensembles. Here, we…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2011-11-09 Oliver Johnson , Yuri Suhov

We study the unitary time evolution of the entropy of entanglement of a one-dimensional system between the degrees of freedom in an interval of length l and its complement, starting from a pure state which is not an eigenstate of the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2011-02-16 Pasquale Calabrese , John Cardy

There is ongoing interest in the global entropy production rate as a climate diagnostic and predictor, but progress has been limited by ambiguities in its definition; different conceptual boundaries of the climate system give rise to…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2020-10-28 Goodwin Gibbins , Joanna D. Haigh

Time lag between variables is a key characteristics of dynamical systems in different fields and identifying such time lag is an important problem in complex systems with many applications. Transfer Entropy (TE) was proposed as a tool for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Jian Ma

Quantifying the complexity of large graphs requires measures that extend beyond predefined structural features and scale efficiently with graph size. This work adopts a generative perspective, modeling large networks as exchangeable graphs…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Anda Skeja , Sofia C. Olhede

Entropy scaling is a powerful technique that has been used for predicting transport properties of pure components over a wide range of states. However, modeling mixture diffusion coefficients by entropy scaling is an unresolved task. We…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-04-03 Sebastian Schmitt , Hans Hasse , Simon Stephan

Transfer Entropy (TE), the primary method for determining directed information flow within a network system, can exhibit bias - either in deficiency or excess - during both pairwise and conditioned calculations, owing to high-order…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2024-02-14 Sebastiano Stramaglia , Luca Faes , Jesus M. Cortes , Daniele Marinazzo

Approximation of entropies of various types using machine learning (ML) regression methods are shown for the first time. The ML models presented in this study define the complexity of the short time series by approximating dissimilar…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Andrei Velichko , Maksim Belyaev , Matthias P. Wagner , Alireza Taravat

In this paper, we present a detailed framework to analyze the evolution of the random topology of a time-varying wireless network via the information theoretic notion of entropy rate. We consider a propagation channel varying over time with…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-11-08 Arta Cika , Mihai-Alin Badiu , Justin P. Coon , Shahriar Etemadi Tajbakhsh

This paper addresses the problem of measuring complexity from embedded attractors as a way to characterize changes in the dynamical behaviour of different types of systems by observing their outputs. With the aim of measuring the stability…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Julián D. Arias-Londoño , Juan I. Godino-Llorente

In molecular dynamics, transport coefficients measure the sensitivity of the invariant probability measure of the stochastic dynamics at hand with respect to some perturbation. They are typically computed using either the linear response of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-02-19 Pierre Monmarché , Renato Spacek , Gabriel Stoltz