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A birack is an algebraic structure with axioms encoding the blackboard-framed Reidemeister moves, incorporating quandles, racks, strong biquandles and semiquandles as special cases. In this paper we extend the counting invariant for finite…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2010-12-23 Sam Nelson

In this paper, we introduce biquandle power brackets, an infinite family of invariants of oriented links containing the classical skein invariants and the quandle and biquandle 2-cocycle invariants as special cases. Biquandle power brackets…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2024-01-23 Neslihan Gügümcü , Sam Nelson

We consider a quiver structure on the set of quandle colorings of an oriented knot or link diagram. This structure contains a wealth of knot and link invariants and provides a categorification of the quandle counting invariant in the most…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2018-10-09 Karina Cho , Sam Nelson

We use the structure of skew braces to enhance the biquandle counting invariant for virtual knots and links for finite biquandles defined from skew braces. We introduce two new invariants: a single-variable polynomial using skew brace…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2022-06-30 Melody Chang , Sam Nelson

We define invariants of unoriented knots and links by enhancing the integral kei counting invariant Phi_X^Z (K) for a finite kei X using representations of the kei algebra, Z_K[X], a quotient of the quandle algebra Z[X] defined by…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2011-02-23 Mike Grier , Sam Nelson

Birack modules are modules over an algebra Z[X] associated to a finite birack X. In previous work, birack module structures on Z mod n were used to enhance the birack counting invariant. In this paper, we use birack modules over Laurent…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2014-06-12 Evan Cody , Sam Nelson

We consider the notion of mosaic diagrams for surface-links using marked graph diagrams. We establish bounds, in some cases tight, on the mosaic numbers for the surface-links with ch-index up to 10. As an application, we use mosaic diagrams…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2023-01-03 Seonmi Choi , Sam Nelson

A method of computing a basis for the second Yang-Baxter cohomology of a finite biquandle with coefficients in Q and Z_p from a matrix presentation of the finite biquandle is described. We also describe a method for computing the…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2007-10-30 Conrad Creel , Sam Nelson

We define an invariant of welded virtual knots from each finite crossed module by considering crossed module invariants of ribbon knotted surfaces which are naturally associated with them. We elucidate that the invariants obtained are non…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2017-05-23 Louis H. Kauffman , João Faria Martins

We incorporate quandle cocycle information into the quandle coloring quivers we defined in arXiv:1807.10465 to define weighted directed graph-valued invariants of oriented links we call \textit{quandle cocycle quivers}. This construction…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2019-04-22 Karina Cho , Sam Nelson

We extend the rack algebra Z[X] defined by Andruskiewitsch and Grana to the case of biracks, enabling a notion of birack modules. We use these birack modules to define an enhancement of the birack counting invariant generalizing the birack…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2012-12-14 Regina Bauernschmidt , Sam Nelson

We describe a way of representing finite biquandles with n elements as 2n x 2n block matrices. Any finite biquandle defines an invariant of virtual knots through counting homomorphisms. The counting invariants of non-quandle biquandles can…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Sam Nelson , John Vo

Biracks are algebraic structures related to knots and links. We define a new enhancement of the birack counting invariant for oriented classical and virtual knots and links via algebraic structures called birack dynamical cocycles. The new…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2012-05-22 Sam Nelson , Emily Watterberg

We enhance the psyquandle counting invariant for singular knots and pseudoknots using quivers analogously to quandle coloring quivers. This enables us to extend the in-degree polynomial invariants from quandle coloring quiver theory to the…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2021-07-14 Jose Ceniceros , Anthony Christiana , Sam Nelson

Dye and Kauffman defined surface bracket polynomials for virtual links by use of surface states, and found a relationship between the surface states and the minimal genus of a surface in which a virtual link diagram is realized. They and…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2014-01-09 Naoko Kamada

We introduce a modified rack algebra Z[X] for racks X with finite rack rank N. We use representations of Z[X] into rings, known as rack modules, to define enhancements of the rack counting invariant for classical and virtual knots and…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2010-08-04 Aaron Haas , Garret Heckel , Sam Nelson , Jonah Yuen , Qingcheng Zhang

We extend the Yang-Baxter cocycle invariants for virtual knots by augmenting Yang-Baxter 2-cocycles with cocycles from a cohomology theory associated to a virtual biquandle structure. These invariants coincide with the classical Yang-Baxter…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2008-02-22 Jose Ceniceros , Sam Nelson

We investigate the relationship between the quandle and biquandle coloring invariant and obtain an enhancement of the quandle and biquandle coloring invariants using biquandle structures. We also continue the study of biquandle…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2020-04-24 Eva Horvat , Alissa S. Crans

We explore a knot invariant derived from colorings of corresponding $1$-tangles with arbitrary connected quandles. When the quandle is an abelian extension of a certain type the invariant is equivalent to the quandle $2$-cocycle invariant.…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2016-08-09 W. Edwin Clark , Larry A. Dunning , Masahico Saito

We extend the notion of link colorings with values in an Alexander quandle to link colorings with values in a module $M$ over the Laurent polynomial ring $\Lambda_{\mu}=\mathbb{Z}[t_1^{\pm1},\dots,t_{\mu}^{\pm1}]$. If $D$ is a diagram of a…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2018-11-20 Lorenzo Traldi