English
Related papers

Related papers: Understanding Straight-Through Estimator in Traini…

200 papers

Quantized or low-bit neural networks are attractive due to their inference efficiency. However, training deep neural networks with quantized activations involves minimizing a discontinuous and piecewise constant loss function. Such a loss…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Ziang Long , Penghang Yin , Jack Xin

Training quantized neural networks requires addressing the non-differentiable and discrete nature of the underlying optimization problem. To tackle this challenge, the straight-through estimator (STE) has become the most widely adopted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Halyun Jeong , Jack Xin , Penghang Yin

Binarization of neural networks is a dominant paradigm in neural networks compression. The pioneering work BinaryConnect uses Straight Through Estimator (STE) to mimic the gradients of the sign function, but it also causes the crucial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Xiao-Ming Wu , Dian Zheng , Zuhao Liu , Wei-Shi Zheng

Quantized neural network training optimizes a discrete, non-differentiable objective. The straight-through estimator (STE) enables backpropagation through surrogate gradients and is widely used. While previous studies have primarily focused…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-14 Yuma Ichikawa , Shuhei Kashiwamura , Ayaka Sakata

The Straight-Through Estimator (STE) is the dominant method for training neural networks with discrete variables, enabling gradient-based optimisation by routing gradients through a differentiable surrogate. However, existing STE variants…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Rushi Shah , Mingyuan Yan , Michael Curtis Mozer , Dianbo Liu

The discontinuous operations inherent in quantization and sparsification introduce a long-standing obstacle to backpropagation, particularly in ultra-low precision and sparse regimes. While the community has long viewed quantization as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Chengxi Ye , Grace Chu , Yanfeng Liu , Yichi Zhang , Lukasz Lew , Li Zhang , Mark Sandler , Andrew Howard

Quantization-aware training comes with a fundamental challenge: the derivative of quantization functions such as rounding are zero almost everywhere and nonexistent elsewhere. Various differentiable approximations of quantization functions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Matt Schoenbauer , Daniele Moro , Lukasz Lew , Andrew Howard

Network quantization aims at reducing bit-widths of weights and/or activations, particularly important for implementing deep neural networks with limited hardware resources. Most methods use the straight-through estimator (STE) to train…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-05 Junghyup Lee , Dohyung Kim , Bumsub Ham

Neural network quantization aims to reduce the bit-widths of weights and activations, making it a critical technique for deploying deep neural networks on resource-constrained hardware. Most Quantization-Aware Training (QAT) methods rely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Kaiqi Zhao

The Straight-Through Estimator (STE) is widely used for back-propagating gradients through the quantization function, but the STE technique lacks a complete theoretical understanding. We propose an alternative methodology called…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-22 Zhi-Gang Liu , Matthew Mattina

Quantization has become a predominant approach for model compression, enabling deployment of large models trained on GPUs onto smaller form-factor devices for inference. Quantization-aware training (QAT) optimizes model parameters with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Zheng Wang , Juncheng B Li , Shuhui Qu , Florian Metze , Emma Strubell

This work examines the challenges of training neural networks using vector quantization using straight-through estimation. We find that a primary cause of training instability is the discrepancy between the model embedding and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Minyoung Huh , Brian Cheung , Pulkit Agrawal , Phillip Isola

Sparse training is a natural idea to accelerate the training speed of deep neural networks and save the memory usage, especially since large modern neural networks are significantly over-parameterized. However, most of the existing methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-11 Xiao Zhou , Weizhong Zhang , Zonghao Chen , Shizhe Diao , Tong Zhang

Despite the achievements of recent binarization methods on reducing the performance degradation of Binary Neural Networks (BNNs), gradient mismatching caused by the Straight-Through-Estimator (STE) still dominates quantized networks. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-11 Junjie Liu , Dongchao Wen , Deyu Wang , Wei Tao , Tse-Wei Chen , Kinya Osa , Masami Kato

Analog Compute-In-Memory (CIM) architectures promise significant energy efficiency gains for neural network inference, but suffer from complex hardware-induced noise that poses major challenges for deployment. While noise-aware training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Yuannuo Feng , Wenyong Zhou , Yuexi Lyu , Yixiang Zhang , Zhengwu Liu , Ngai Wong , Wang Kang

We study the problem of training neural networks with quantized parameters. Learning low-precision quantized parameters by enabling computation of gradients via the Straight-Through Estimator (STE) can be challenging. While the STE enables…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Ningfeng Yang , Tor M. Aamodt

Training quantised neural networks (QNNs) is a non-differentiable optimisation problem since weights and features are output by piecewise constant functions. The standard solution is to apply the straight-through estimator (STE), using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Matteo Spallanzani , Gian Paolo Leonardi , Luca Benini

We propose a new algorithm for training deep neural networks (DNNs) with binary weights. In particular, we first cast the problem of training binary neural networks (BiNNs) as a bilevel optimization instance and subsequently construct…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Huu Le , Rasmus Kjær Høier , Che-Tsung Lin , Christopher Zach

With the growth of deep neural networks (DNN), the number of DNN parameters has drastically increased. This makes DNN models hard to be deployed on resource-limited embedded systems. To alleviate this problem, dynamic pruning methods have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Jangho Kim , Jayeon Yoo , Yeji Song , KiYoon Yoo , Nojun Kwak

The {\it straight-through estimator} (STE) is commonly used to optimize quantized neural networks, yet its contexts of effective performance are still unclear despite empirical successes.To make a step forward in this comprehension, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Mimoun Mohamed , François Malgouyres , Valentin Emiya , Caroline Chaux
‹ Prev 1 2 3 10 Next ›