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The demand for edge artificial intelligence to process event-based, complex data calls for hardware beyond conventional digital, von-Neumann architectures. Neuromorphic computing, using spiking neural networks (SNNs) with emerging…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-09-08 Zhu Wang , Song Wang , Zhiyuan Du , Ruibin Mao , Yu Xiao , Hayden Kwok-Hay So , Peng Lin , Can Li

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), transform neural signals in the brain into in-structions to control external devices. However, obtaining sufficient training data is difficult as well as limited. With the advent of advanced machine…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-07-02 Shengjie Zheng , Wenyi Li , Lang Qian , Chenggang He , Xiaojian Li

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a biologically inspired computational paradigm that emulates neuronal activity through discrete spike-based processing. Despite their advantages, training SNNs with traditional backpropagation (BP)…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Mohammadnavid Ghader , Saeed Reza Kheradpisheh , Bahar Farahani , Mahmood Fazlali

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are brain-inspired models that enable energy-efficient implementation on neuromorphic hardware. However, the supervised training of SNNs remains a hard problem due to the discontinuity of the spiking neuron…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Mingqing Xiao , Qingyan Meng , Zongpeng Zhang , Yisen Wang , Zhouchen Lin

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) exhibit exceptional energy efficiency on neuromorphic hardware due to their sparse activation patterns. However, conventional training methods based on surrogate gradients and Backpropagation Through Time…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Xiaochen Zhao , Chengting Yu , Kairong Yu , Lei Liu , Aili Wang

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are distributed trainable systems whose computing elements, or neurons, are characterized by internal analog dynamics and by digital and sparse synaptic communications. The sparsity of the synaptic spiking…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-08 Hyeryung Jang , Osvaldo Simeone , Brian Gardner , André Grüning

This paper introduces a novel "all-spike" low-power solution for remote wireless inference that is based on neuromorphic sensing, Impulse Radio (IR), and Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs). In the proposed system, event-driven neuromorphic…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-09-04 Nicolas Skatchkovsky , Hyeryung Jang , Osvaldo Simeone

Neuromorphic computing has emerged as a promising avenue towards building the next generation of intelligent computing systems. It has been proposed that memristive devices, which exhibit history-dependent conductivity modulation, could…

Embedded systems acquire information about the real world from sensors and process it to make decisions and/or for transmission. In some situations, the relationship between the data and the decision is complex and/or the amount of data to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Florian Bacho , Dominique Chu

Generative models based on neural networks present a substantial challenge within deep learning. As it stands, such models are primarily limited to the domain of artificial neural networks. Spiking neural networks, as the third generation…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Linghao Feng , Dongcheng Zhao , Yi Zeng

Spiking neural networks excel at event-driven sensing. Yet, maintaining task-relevant context over long timescales both algorithmically and in hardware, while respecting both tight energy and memory budgets, remains a core challenge in the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Pengfei Sun , Zhe Su , Jascha Achterberg , Giacomo Indiveri , Dan F. M. Goodman , Danyal Akarca

We present a new back propagation based training algorithm for discrete-time spiking neural networks (SNN). Inspired by recent deep learning algorithms on binarized neural networks, binary activation with a straight-through gradient…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-09-20 Shihui Yin , Shreyas K. Venkataramanaiah , Gregory K. Chen , Ram Krishnamurthy , Yu Cao , Chaitali Chakrabarti , Jae-sun Seo

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are biologically inspired machine learning models that build on dynamic neuronal models processing binary and sparse spiking signals in an event-driven, online, fashion. SNNs can be implemented on neuromorphic…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-12-10 Hyeryung Jang , Nicolas Skatchkovsky , Osvaldo Simeone

This paper introduces SpikeFit, a novel training method for Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) that enables efficient inference on neuromorphic hardware, considering all its stringent requirements: the number of neurons and synapses that can…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Ivan Kartashov , Mariia Pushkareva , Iakov Karandashev

In recent years, deep learning has been a revolution in the field of machine learning, for computer vision in particular. In this approach, a deep (multilayer) artificial neural network (ANN) is trained in a supervised manner using…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Amirhossein Tavanaei , Masoud Ghodrati , Saeed Reza Kheradpisheh , Timothee Masquelier , Anthony S. Maida

The rising demand for energy-efficient edge AI systems (e.g., mobile agents/robots) has increased the interest in neuromorphic computing, since it offers ultra-low power/energy AI computation through spiking neural network (SNN) algorithms…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Rachmad Vidya Wicaksana Putra , Pasindu Wickramasinghe , Muhammad Shafique

As deep learning applications continue to deploy increasingly large artificial neural networks, the associated high energy demands are creating a need for alternative neuromorphic approaches. Optics and photonics are particularly compelling…

Optics · Physics 2025-08-19 Nicola Dal Cin , Florian Marquardt , Clara C. Wanjura

Causal relationship recognition is a fundamental operation in neural networks aimed at learning behavior, action planning, and inferring external world dynamics. This operation is particularly crucial for reinforcement learning (RL). In the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Mikhail Kiselev , Denis Larionov , Andrey Urusov

Spiking neural network is a type of artificial neural network in which neurons communicate between each other with spikes. Spikes are identical Boolean events characterized by the time of their arrival. A spiking neuron has internal…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-02-16 Oleg Y. Sinyavskiy

Recently, both industry and academia have proposed several different neuromorphic systems to execute machine learning applications that are designed using Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs). With the growing complexity on design and technology…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-02-21 Phu Khanh Huynh , M. Lakshmi Varshika , Ankita Paul , Murat Isik , Adarsha Balaji , Anup Das