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Fault-tolerant consensus has been studied extensively in the literature, because it is one of the most important distributed primitives and has wide applications in practice. This paper surveys important results on fault-tolerant consensus…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2016-08-30 Lewis Tseng

Permissioned blockchains employ Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) state machine replication (SMR) to reach agreement on an ever-growing, linearly ordered log of transactions. A new paradigm, combined with decades of research in BFT SMR and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Fangyu Gai , Ali Farahbakhsh , Jianyu Niu , Chen Feng , Ivan Beschastnikh , Hao Duan

Traditional Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) state machine replication protocols assume a partial synchrony model, leading to a design where a leader replica drives the protocol and is replaced after a timeout. Recently, we witnessed a surge…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Diogo S. Antunes , Afonso N. Oliveira , André Breda , Matheus Guilherme Franco , Henrique Moniz , Rodrigo Rodrigues

This paper presents TetraBFT, a novel unauthenticated Byzantine fault tolerant protocol for solving consensus in partial synchrony, eliminating the need for public key cryptography and ensuring resilience against computationally unbounded…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Qianyu Yu , Giuliano Losa , Xuechao Wang

Replication protocols are essential for distributed systems, ensuring consistency, reliability, and fault tolerance. Traditional Crash Fault Tolerant (CFT) protocols, which assume a fail-stop model, are inadequate for untrusted cloud…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Dimitra Giantsidi , Emmanouil Giortamis , Julian Pritzi , Maurice Bailleu , Manos Kapritsos , Pramod Bhatotia

Parallel Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) protocols based on committee-based sharding improve scalability but weaken safety since smaller node groups are responsible for consensus. Recent approaches integrate trusted execution environments…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yifei Xie , Btissam Er-Rahmadi , Xiao Chen , Tiejun Ma , Jane Hillston

This paper introduces a deterministic Byzantine consensus algorithm that relies on a new weak coordinator. As opposed to previous algorithms that cannot terminate in the presence of a faulty or slow coordinator, our algorithm can terminate…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-07-26 Tyler Crain , Vincent Gramoli , Mikel Larrea , Michel Raynal

It is a common belief that Byzantine fault-tolerant solutions for consensus are significantly slower than their crash fault-tolerant counterparts. Indeed, in PBFT, the most widely known Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus protocol, it takes…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Petr Kuznetsov , Andrei Tonkikh , Yan X Zhang

Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT) consensus is a fundamental primitive for distributed computation. However, BFT protocols suffer from the ordering manipulation, in which an adversary can make front-running. Several protocols are proposed to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Guangren Wang , Liang Cai , Fangyu Gai , Jianyu Niu

Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) web services provide critical integrity guarantees for distributed applications but face significant latency challenges that hinder interactive user experiences. We propose a novel two-layer architecture that…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Ahmad Zaki Akmal , Azkario Rizky Pratama , Guntur Dharma Putra

Distributed ledgers are increasingly relied upon by industry to provide trustworthy accountability, strong integrity protection, and high availability for critical data without centralizing trust. Recently, distributed append-only logs are…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Shubham Mishra , João Gonçalves , Chawinphat Tankuranand , Neil Giridharan , Natacha Crooks , Heidi Howard , Chris Jensen

Byzantine fault tolerant (BFT) protocol descriptions often assume application-layer networking primitives, such as best-effort and reliable broadcast, which are impossible to implement in practice in a Byzantine environment as they require…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Manu Drijvers , Tim Gretler , Yotam Harchol , Tobias Klenze , Ognjen Maric , Stefan Neamtu , Yvonne-Anne Pignolet , Rostislav Rumenov , Daniel Sharifi , Victor Shoup

Since the inception of Bitcoin, the distributed systems community has shown interest in the design of efficient blockchain systems. However, initial blockchain applications (like Bitcoin) attain very low throughput, which has promoted the…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Suyash Gupta , Sajjad Rahnama , Mohammad Sadoghi

Synchronous consensus protocols offer a significant advantage over their asynchronous and partially synchronous counterparts by providing higher fault tolerance -- an essential benefit in distributed systems, like blockchains, where…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Nenad Milošević , Daniel Cason , Zarko Milošević , Robert Soulé , Fernando Pedone

Asynchronous Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) consensus protocols, known for their robustness in unpredictable environments without relying on timing assumptions, are becoming increasingly vital for wireless applications. While these…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Shuo Liu , Minghui Xu , Tianyi Sun , Xiuzhen Cheng

The problem of Byzantine consensus has been key to designing secure distributed systems. However, it is particularly difficult, mainly due to the presence of Byzantine processes that act arbitrarily and the unknown message delays in general…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-04-20 Alejandro Ranchal-Pedrosa , Vincent Gramoli

Byzantine Fault-Tolerant (BFT) protocols have been proposed to tolerate malicious behaviors in state machine replications. With classic BFT protocols, the total number of replicas is known and fixed a priori. The resilience of BFT…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Jiangshan Yu

Blockchain technology has been proposed as a new infrastructure technology for a wide variety of novel applications. Blockchains provide an immutable record of transactions, making them useful when business actors do not trust each other.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Joerg Evermann , Henry Kim

The novel blockchain generation of Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) state machine replication (SMR) protocols focuses on scalability and performance to meet requirements of distributed ledger technology (DLT), e.g., decentralization and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Christian Berger , Sadok Ben Toumia , Hans P. Reiser

Consensus is one of the most fundamental distributed computing problems. In particular, it serves as a building block in many replication based fault-tolerant systems and in particular in multiple recent blockchain solutions. Depending on…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-08-08 Yehonatan Buchnik , Roy Friedman