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We present a general transformation for combining a constant number of binary search tree data structures (BSTs) into a single BST whose running time is within a constant factor of the minimum of any "well-behaved" bound on the running time…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2013-04-30 Erik D. Demaine , John Iacono , Stefan Langerman , Özgür Özkan

Uniquely represented data structures represent each logical state with a unique storage state. We study the problem of maintaining a dynamic set of $n$ keys from a totally ordered universe in this context. We introduce a two-layer data…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Roodabeh Safavi , Martin P. Seybold

We consider the design of adaptive data structures for searching elements of a tree-structured space. We use a natural generalization of the rotation-based online binary search tree model in which the underlying search space is the set of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-08-05 Prosenjit Bose , Jean Cardinal , John Iacono , Grigorios Koumoutsos , Stefan Langerman

We present a general method for de-amortizing essentially any Binary Search Tree (BST) algorithm. In particular, by transforming Splay Trees, our method produces a BST that has the same asymptotic cost as Splay Trees on any access sequence…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-11-08 Prosenjit Bose , Sébastien Collette , Rolf Fagerberg , Stefan Langerman

Self-adjusting data structures are a classic approach to adapting the complexity of operations to the data access distribution. While several self-adjusting variants are known for both binary search trees and B-Trees, existing constructions…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Alexander Slastin , Dan Alistarh , Vitaly Aksenov

The dynamic optimality conjecture, postulating the existence of an $O(1)$-competitive online algorithm for binary search trees (BSTs), is among the most fundamental open problems in dynamic data structures. Despite extensive work and some…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-12-24 Parinya Chalermsook , Julia Chuzhoy , Thatchaphol Saranurak

Search trees on trees (STTs) are a far-reaching generalization of binary search trees (BSTs), allowing the efficient exploration of tree-structured domains. (BSTs are the special case in which the underlying domain is a path.) Trees on…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-10-29 Benjamin Aram Berendsohn , László Kozma

The tango tree is the first proven $O(\lg \lg n)$-competitive binary search tree (BST). We present the first ever experimental implementation of tango trees and compare the running time of the tango tree with the multi-splay tree and the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Khaleel Al-Adhami , Dev Chheda

We study learning-augmented binary search trees (BSTs) via Treaps with carefully designed priorities. The result is a simple search tree in which the depth of each item $x$ is determined by its predicted weight $w_x$. Specifically, each…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Jingbang Chen , Xinyuan Cao , Alicia Stepin , Li Chen

The paper presents the first \emph{concurrency-optimal} implementation of a binary search tree (BST). The implementation, based on a standard sequential implementation of an internal tree, ensures that every \emph{schedule} is accepted,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-03-03 Vitaly Aksenov , Vincent Gramoli , Petr Kuznetsov , Anna Malova , Srivatsan Ravi

The Binary Search Tree (BST) is average in computer science which supports a compact data structure in memory and oneself even conducts a row of quick algorithms, by which people often apply it in dynamical circumstance. Besides these…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-10-05 Yong Tan

Adaptive binary search trees are a fundamental data structure for organizing hierarchical information. Their ability to dynamically adjust to access patterns makes them particularly valuable for building responsive and efficient networked…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Maryam Shiran

The $B^{\epsilon}$-tree [Brodal and Fagerberg 2003] is a simple I/O-efficient external-memory-model data structure that supports updates orders of magnitude faster than B-tree with a query performance comparable to the B-tree: for any…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-11-14 Rathish Das , John Iacono , Yakov Nekrich

Motivated by recent developments in optical switching and reconfigurable network design, we study dynamic binary search trees (BSTs) in the matching model. In the classical dynamic BST model, the cost of both link traversal and basic…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Chen Avin

We study multi-finger binary search trees (BSTs), a far-reaching extension of the classical BST model, with connections to the well-studied $k$-server problem. Finger search is a popular technique for speeding up BST operations when a query…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-09-10 Parinya Chalermsook , Mayank Goswami , László Kozma , Kurt Mehlhorn , Thatchaphol Saranurak

Lazy search trees (Sandlund & Wild FOCS 2020, Sandlund & Zhang SODA 2022) are sorted dictionaries whose update and query performance smoothly interpolates between that of efficient priority queues and binary search trees - automatically,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Casper Moldrup Rysgaard , Sebastian Wild

In a variety of applications, we need to keep track of the development of a data set over time. For maintaining and querying this multi version data I/O-efficiently, external memory data structures are required. In this paper, we present a…

General Literature · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Saju Jude Dominic , G. Sajith

Tree-based data structures are ubiquitous across applications. Therefore, a multitude of different tree implementations exist. However, while these implementations are diverse, they share a tree structure as the underlying data structure.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Daniel Biebert , Christian Hakert , Jian-Jia Chen

Binary search trees (BSTs) with rotations can adapt to various kinds of structure in search sequences, achieving amortized access times substantially better than the Theta(log n) worst-case guarantee. Classical examples of structural…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-03-17 Parinya Chalermsook , Mayank Goswami , László Kozma , Kurt Mehlhorn , Thatchaphol Saranurak

We consider the problem of laying out a tree with fixed parent/child structure in hierarchical memory. The goal is to minimize the expected number of block transfers performed during a search along a root-to-leaf path, subject to a given…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Stephen Alstrup , Michael A. Bender , Erik D. Demaine , Martin Farach-Colton , Theis Rauhe , Mikkel Thorup
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