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This paper proposes a quasi-binary encoding based algorithm for solving a specific quadratic optimization models with discrete variables, in the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) framework. The quadratic optimization model…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-25 Bingren Chen , Hanqing Wu , Haomu Yuan , Lei Wu , Xin Li

Maximum cut (Max-Cut) problem is one of the most important combinatorial optimization problems because of its various applications in real life, and recently Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) has been widely employed to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-31 Yiren Lu , Guojing Tian , Xiaoming Sun

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) has become a cornerstone of contemporary quantum applications development. In QAOA, a quantum circuit is trained -- by repeatedly adjusting circuit parameters -- to solve a problem.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-17 V. Akshay , D. Rabinovich , E. Campos , J. Biamonte

Variational algorithm using Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) can solve the prime factorization problem in near-term noisy quantum computers. Conventional Variational Quantum Factoring (VQF) requires a large number of…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Ling Qiu , Mahabubul Alam , Abdullah Ash-Saki , Swaroop Ghosh

The present tutorial aims to provide a comprehensible and easily accessible introduction into the theory and implementation of the famous Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). We lay our focus on practical aspects and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-24 Andreas Sturm

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) can require considerable processing time for developers to test and debug their codes on expensive quantum devices. One avenue to circumvent this difficulty is to use the error maps of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-05 Wilson R. M. Rabelo , Sandra D. Prado , Leonardo G. Brunnet

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm~(QAOA) first proposed by Farhi et al. promises near-term applications based on its simplicity, universality, and provable optimality. A depth-p QAOA consists of p interleaved unitary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-30 Murphy Yuezhen Niu , Sirui Lu , Isaac L. Chuang

The major advances in quantum computing over the last few decades have sparked great interest in applying it to solve the most challenging computational problems in a wide variety of areas. One of the most pronounced domains here are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-11 Andreas Sturm , Bharadwaj Mummaneni , Leon Rullkötter

This paper describes an application of the Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm (QAOA) to efficiently find approximate solutions for computational problems contained in the polynomially bounded NP optimisation complexity class (NPO…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-28 Samuel Marsh , Jingbo Wang

The Quantum Approximate Optimisation Algorithm (QAOA) is a leading candidate for near-term quantum advantage, yet its practical impact is hindered by limited performance on symmetric local Hamiltonians and the costly optimisation of…

Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) enables solving combinatorial optimization problems on quantum computers by optimizing variational parameters for quantum circuits. We investigate a simplified approach that combines linear…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-26 Ryo Sakai , Hiromichi Matsuyama , Wai-Hong Tam , Yu Yamashiro

Many classical optimization problems can be mapped to finding the ground states of diagonal Ising Hamiltonians, for which variational quantum algorithms such as the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) provide heuristic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-11 Yanzhu Chen , Linghua Zhu , Chenxu Liu , Nicholas J. Mayhall , Edwin Barnes , Sophia E. Economou

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a promising candidate for solving combinatorial optimization problems more efficiently than classical computers. Recent studies have shown that warm-starting the standard algorithm…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-26 Vanessa Dehn , Thomas Wellens

Quantum annealing (QA) and Quantum Alternating Operator Ansatz (QAOA) are both heuristic quantum algorithms intended for sampling optimal solutions of combinatorial optimization problems. In this article we implement a rigorous direct…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-31 Elijah Pelofske , Andreas Bärtschi , Stephan Eidenbenz

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm, QAOA, uses a shallow depth quantum circuit to produce a parameter dependent state. For a given combinatorial optimization problem instance, the quantum expectation of the associated cost…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-12 Fernando G. S. L. Brandao , Michael Broughton , Edward Farhi , Sam Gutmann , Hartmut Neven

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) holds promise for combinatorial optimization but is constrained by limited qubits. While divide-and-conquer frameworks like QAOA$^{2}$ address scalability by partitioning graphs into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-14 Zubin Zheng , Jiahao Wu , Shengcai Liu

The impressive progress in quantum hardware in the last years has raised the interest of the quantum computing community in harvesting the computational power of such devices. However, in the absence of error correction, these devices can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-21 Giacomo De Palma , Milad Marvian , Cambyse Rouzé , Daniel Stilck França

We investigate the potential of the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) for reducing energy consumption in route planning, a key challenge in logistics due to the NP-hard nature of the Traveling Salesman and Vehicle Routing…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ayush Nadiger , Adriana Caraeni , Katie Schouten

Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a quantum-classical hybrid algorithm proposed with the goal of approximately solving combinatorial optimization problems such as the MAX-CUT problem. It has been considered a potential…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-26 Eunok Bae , Hyukjoon Kwon , V Vijendran , Soojoon Lee

The task of Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) is a constrained combinatorial optimization problem that is generally considered a complex computational problem. In this paper, we first present a binary encoding of MSA and devise a…