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Related papers: Multiple Impact Origin for the Moon

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The Earth-Moon system is suggested to have formed through a single giant collision, in which the Moon accreted from the impact-generated debris disk. However, such giant impacts are rare, and during its evolution the Earth experienced many…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-08-01 Robert I. Citron , Hagai B. Perets , Oded Aharonson

The multiple impact hypothesis proposes that the Moon formed through a series of smaller collisions, rather than a single giant impact. This study advances our understanding of this hypothesis, as well as moon collisions in other contexts,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-11-14 Uri Malamud , Hagai Perets

The leading hypothesis for the origin of the Moon, that of a single giant impact, faces significant challenges. These include either the need for an impactor with a near-identical composition to Earth or an extremely high-mass or…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-12 Harrison Davies , Philip J. Carter , Louis Eddershaw , Jingyao Dou , Zoë M. Leinhardt

In the leading theory of lunar formation, known as the giant impact hypothesis, a collision between two planet-size objects resulted in a young Earth surrounded by a circumplanetary debris disk from which the Moon later accreted. The range…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-07-13 Miles Timpe , Christian Reinhardt , Thomas Meier , Joachim Stadel , Ben Moore

In the leading theory of lunar formation, known as the giant impact hypothesis, a collision between two planet-size objects resulted in a young Earth surrounded by a circumplanetary debris disk from which the Moon later accreted. The range…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-11-20 Thomas Meier , Christian Reinhardt , Miles Timpe , Joachim Stadel , Ben Moore

According to the giant impact theory, the Moon formed by accreting the circum-terrestrial debris disk produced by Theia colliding with the proto-Earth. The giant impact theory can explain most of the properties of the Earth-Moon system,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-05-15 Wenshuai Liu

The giant impact hypothesis is the dominant theory of how the Earth-Moon system was formed. Models have been created that can produce a disk of debris with the proper mass and composition to create our Moon. Models have also been created…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2013-07-29 Justin C. Eiland , Travis C. Salzillo , Brett H. Hokr , Justin L. Highland , Bryant M. Wyatt

During the last stages of the terrestrial planet formation, planets grow mainly through giant-impacts with large planetary embryos. The Earth's Moon was suggested to form through one of these impacts. However, since the proto-Earth has…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-07-11 Uri Malamud , Hagai B. Perets , Christoph Schafer , Christoph Burger

The Moon is generally thought to have formed from the debris ejected by the impact of a planet-sized object with the proto-Earth towards the end of planetary accretion. Modeling of the impact process predicts that the lunar material was…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-04-19 Kaveh Pahlevan , Alessandro Morbidelli

The Moon is traditionally thought to have coalesced from the debris ejected by a giant impact onto the early Earth. However, such models struggle to explain the similar isotopic compositions of Earth and lunar rocks at the same time as the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-10-06 Jacob A. Kegerreis , Sergio Ruiz-Bonilla , Vincent R. Eke , Richard J. Massey , Thomas D. Sandnes , Luís F. A. Teodoro

Most of the properties of the Earth-Moon system can be explained by a collision between a planetary embryo and the growing Earth late in the accretion process. Simulations show that most of the material that eventually aggregates to form…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-24 Alessandra Mastrobuono-Battisti , Hagai B. Perets , Sean N. Raymond

The leading theory for the origin of the Moon is the giant impact hypothesis, in which the Moon was formed out of the debris left over from the collision of a Mars-sized body with the Earth. Soon after its formation, the orbit of the Moon…

Popular Physics · Physics 2015-03-11 Emil Noordeh , Patrick Hall , Matija Cuk

The giant impact hypothesis is the dominant theory explaining the formation of our Moon. However, its inability to produce an isotopically similar Earth-Moon system with correct angular momentum has cast a shadow on its validity.…

Current lunar origin scenarios suggest that Earth's Moon may have resulted from the merger of two (or more) smaller moonlets. Dynamical studies of multiple moons find that these satellite systems are not stable, resulting in moonlet…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-04-05 Raluca Rufu , Oded Aharonson

Three principal concepts regarding lunar formation have been examined: the accretion hypothesis, the mega-impact theory, and the multi-impact model. The multi-impact model amalgamates the salient facets of the mega-impact theory and the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-10-27 Nick Gorkavyi

The formation of the Moon from the debris of a slow and grazing giant impact of a Mars-sized impactor on the proto-Earth (Cameron & Ward 1976, Canup & Asphaug 2001) is widely accepted today. We present an alternative scenario with a…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-05 Andreas Reufer , Matthias M. M. Meier , Willy Benz , Rainer Wieler

The Giant Impact is currently accepted as the leading theory for the formation of Earth's Moon. Successful scenarios for lunar origin should be able to explain the chemical composition of the Moon (volatile content and stable isotope…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-11-15 Amy C. Barr

The proposed multi-impact model explains the formation of the Moon, Charon, and binary asteroids without invoking catastrophic cosmic events. The main elements of the new model are as follows: a. A primordial, low-mass proto-satellite disk…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-30 Nick Gorkavyi

The Moon is believed to have formed in the aftermath of a giant impact between a planetary mass body and the proto-Earth. In a typical giant impact scenario, a disk of vapor, liquid, and solid debris forms around the proto-Earth and--after…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-11-11 P. D. Mullen , C. F. Gammie

We investigate the possibility that the Moon's formation impact was triggered by an early dynamical instability of the giant planets. We consider the well-studied "jumping Jupiter" hypothesis for the solar system's instability, where…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-08-11 Sandro R. DeSouza , Fernando Roig , David Nesvorný
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