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Related papers: SO(2,1) Connection in Timelike 3+1 Foliation

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We perform an exploratory investigation of how rapidly the physics of SO(2N) gauge theories approaches its N=oo limit. This question has recently become topical because SO(2N) gauge theories are orbifold equivalent to SU(N) gauge theories,…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2015-06-11 Francis Bursa , Richard Lau , Michael Teper

Reference frames are crucial for describing local observers in general relativity. In quantum gravity, different proposals exist for how to treat reference frames. There are models with either classical or quantum reference frames.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-24 Kristina Giesel , Viktoria Kabel , Wolfgang Wieland

In the context of the quest for a holographic formulation of quantum gravity, we investigate the basic boundary theory structure for loop quantum gravity. In 3+1 space-time dimensions, the boundary theory lives on the 2+1-dimensional…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-01-20 Etera R. Livine

In this talk I want to explain the operator substractions needed to renormalize gauge currents in a second quantized theory. The case of space-time dimensions $3+1$ is considered in detail. In presence of chiral fermions the renormalization…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Jouko Mickelsson

We study a bordism relation for stable 3-forms on a 6-manifold, which is a binary relation on the set of closed $SL(3;\mathbb{C})$-structures on a 6-manifold via closed $G_2$-structures. Under $SO(3)$-symmetry and a co-associative condition…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2021-01-05 Ryohei Chihara

The paper shows deep connections between exotic smoothings of a small R^4 (the spacetime), the leaf space of codimension-1 foliations (related to noncommutative algebras) and quantization. At first we relate a small exotic R^4 to…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2011-07-19 Torsten Asselmeyer-Maluga , Jerzy Krol

The $3+1$ formalism provides a structured approach to analyzing spacetime by separating it into spatial and temporal components. When applied to the Robertson-Walker metric, it simplifies the analysis of cosmological evolution by dividing…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-12-30 Seokcheon Lee

By using the 3+1 point of view and parametrized Minkowski theories we develop the theory of {\it non-inertial} frames in Minkowski space-time. The transition from a non-inertial frame to another one is a gauge transformation connecting the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-12-17 David Alba , Luca Lusanna

We describe embeddings of $n$-dimensional Lorentzian manifolds, including Friedmann-Lema\^itre-Robertson-Walker spaces, in $\mathbb{R}^{n+2}$ such that the metrics of the submanifolds are inherited by a restriction from that of…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2024-03-19 E. Huguet , J. Queva , J. Renaud

We consider perturbations of a static and spherically symmetric background endowed with a metric tensor and a scalar field in the framework of the effective field theory of modified gravity. We employ the previously developed 2+1+1…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2014-12-09 Ryotaro Kase , László Árpád Gergely , Shinji Tsujikawa

A full (triangular) quantum deformation of so(3,2) is presented by considering this algebra as the conformal algebra of the 2+1 dimensional Minkowskian spacetime. Non-relativistic contractions are analysed and used to obtain quantum Hopf…

q-alg · Mathematics 2008-11-26 Francisco J. Herranz

Quantization of relativistic point particles coupled to three-dimensional Einstein gravity naturally leads to field theories living on the Lorentz group in their momentum representation. The Lie group structure of momentum space can be…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-01-30 Michele Arzano , Jerzy Kowalski-Glikman , Tomasz Trzesniewski

In quantum gravity the unitary evolution does not follow from the Wheeler-DeWitt dynamics equation as it follows from the Schr\"odinger equation in non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Therefore we can define a spin-foam model based on…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-10-07 Leonid Perlov

We provide a mathematical proposal for the anomaly indicators of symmetries of (2+1)-d fermionic topological orders, and work out the consequences of our proposal in several nontrivial examples. Our proposal is an invariant of a super…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-07-11 Arun Debray , Weicheng Ye , Matthew Yu

We present a new derivation of the conservative form of the general relativistic Boltzmann equation and specialize it to the 3+1 metric. The resulting transport equation is intended for use in simulations involving numerical relativity,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-15 Christian Y. Cardall , Eirik Endeve , Anthony Mezzacappa

We introduce a variational first-order Sobolev calculus on metric measure spacetimes. The key object is the maximal weak subslope of an arbitrary causal function, which plays the role of the (Lorentzian) modulus of its differential. It is…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2025-03-21 Tobias Beran , Mathias Braun , Matteo Calisti , Nicola Gigli , Robert J. McCann , Argam Ohanyan , Felix Rott , Clemens Sämann

We derive the generalized Gauss-Codazzi-Mainardi (GCM) equation for a general affine connection with torsion and non-metricity. Moreover, we show that the metric compatibility and torsionless condition of a connection on a manifold are…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-08-02 Seramika Ariwahjoedi , Agus Suroso , F. P. Zen

As a preliminary to discussing the quantisation of the foliation in a history form of general relativity, we show how the discussion in \cite{SavQFT1} of a history version of free, scalar quantum field theory can be augmented in such a way…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 C. J. Isham , K. N. Savvidou

The $3x+1$ problem concerns the iteration of the map $T:\mathbb{Z}\to\mathbb{Z}$ defined by $T(x)=x/2$ for even $x$ and $T(x)=(3x+1)/2$ for odd $x$. We study the \emph{coefficient stopping time} dynamics of $T$ (in the sense of Terras) by…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2026-03-03 Mike Winkler

We analyse the boundary structure of General Relativity in the coframe formalism in the case of a lightlike boundary, i.e., when the restriction of the induced Lorentzian metric to the boundary is degenerate. We describe the associated…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2021-08-24 Giovanni Canepa , Alberto S. Cattaneo , Manuel Tecchiolli