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For many applications of reinforcement learning it can be more convenient to specify both a reward function and constraints, rather than trying to design behavior through the reward function. For example, systems that physically interact…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-05-31 Joshua Achiam , David Held , Aviv Tamar , Pieter Abbeel

Reinforcement Learning (RL) robot controllers usually aggregate many task objectives into one scalar reward. While large-scale proximal policy optimisation (PPO) has enabled impressive results such as robust robot locomotion in the real…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Humphrey Munn , Brendan Tidd , Peter Böhm , Marcus Gallagher , David Howard

In various game scenarios, selecting a fixed number of targets from multiple enemy units is an extremely challenging task. This difficulty stems from the complex relationship between the threat levels of enemy units and their feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Wuzhou Sun , Siyi Li , Qingxiang Zou , Zixing Liao

We propose a fully distributed actor-critic architecture, named Diff-DAC, with application to multitask reinforcement learning (MRL). During the learning process, agents communicate their value and policy parameters to their neighbours,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Sergio Valcarcel Macua , Ian Davies , Aleksi Tukiainen , Enrique Munoz de Cote

Policy gradient algorithms typically combine discounted future rewards with an estimated value function, to compute the direction and magnitude of parameter updates. However, for most Reinforcement Learning tasks, humans can provide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-09 Ishan Durugkar , Matthew Hausknecht , Adith Swaminathan , Patrick MacAlpine

In this paper, we present a new intrinsically motivated actor-critic algorithm for learning continuous motor skills directly from raw visual input. Our neural architecture is composed of a critic and an actor network. Both networks receive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-19 Muhammad Burhan Hafez , Cornelius Weber , Matthias Kerzel , Stefan Wermter

Many hierarchical reinforcement learning algorithms utilise a series of independent skills as a basis to solve tasks at a higher level of reasoning. These algorithms don't consider the value of using skills that are cooperative instead of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-12 Jordan Erskine , Chris Lehnert

Off-Policy Actor-Critic (Off-PAC) methods have proven successful in a variety of continuous control tasks. Normally, the critic's action-value function is updated using temporal-difference, and the critic in turn provides a loss for the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Wei Zhou , Yiying Li , Yongxin Yang , Huaimin Wang , Timothy M. Hospedales

Reinforcement learning algorithms have been widely used in dynamic and control systems. However, interpreting their internal learning behavior remains a challenge. In the authors' previous work, a critic match loss landscape visualization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jingyi Liu , Jian Guo , Eberhard Gill

Despite the empirical success of the actor-critic algorithm, its theoretical understanding lags behind. In a broader context, actor-critic can be viewed as an online alternating update algorithm for bilevel optimization, whose convergence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-16 Zhuoran Yang , Yongxin Chen , Mingyi Hong , Zhaoran Wang

To obtain better value estimation in reinforcement learning, we propose a novel algorithm based on the double actor-critic framework with temporal difference error-driven regularization, abbreviated as TDDR. TDDR employs double actors, with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Haohui Chen , Zhiyong Chen , Aoxiang Liu , Wentuo Fang

To improve policy robustness of deep reinforcement learning agents, a line of recent works focus on producing disturbances of the environment. Existing approaches of the literature to generate meaningful disturbances of the environment are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Lucas Schott , Hatem Hajri , Sylvain Lamprier

We study a structured bi-level optimization problem where the upper-level objective is a smooth function and the lower-level problem is policy optimization in a Markov decision process (MDP). The upper-level decision variable parameterizes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Sihan Zeng , Sujay Bhatt , Sumitra Ganesh , Alec Koppel

Reinforcement learning agents in complex game environments often suffer from sparse rewards, training instability, and poor sample efficiency. This paper presents a hybrid training approach that combines offline imitation learning with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Thomas Ackermann , Moritz Spang , Hamza A. A. Gardi

This paper addresses a critical gap in Multi-Objective Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MOMARL) by introducing the first dedicated inner-loop actor-critic framework for continuous state and action spaces: Multi-Objective Multi-Agent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Adam Callaghan , Karl Mason , Patrick Mannion

Collaboration requires agents to align their goals on the fly. Underlying the human ability to align goals with other agents is their ability to predict the intentions of others and actively update their own plans. We propose hierarchical…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Rose E. Wang , J. Chase Kew , Dennis Lee , Tsang-Wei Edward Lee , Tingnan Zhang , Brian Ichter , Jie Tan , Aleksandra Faust

Reinforcement learning (RL) controllers have made impressive progress in humanoid locomotion and light-weight object manipulation. However, achieving robust and precise motion control with intense force interaction remains a significant…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Chenhui Dong , Haozhe Xu , Wenhao Feng , Zhipeng Wang , Yanmin Zhou , Yifei Zhao , Bin He

Hybrid Group Relative Policy Optimization (Hybrid GRPO) is a reinforcement learning framework that extends Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) and Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) by incorporating empirical multi-sample action…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Soham Sane

Policy gradient methods in actor-critic reinforcement learning (RL) have become perhaps the most promising approaches to solving continuous optimal control problems. However, the trial-and-error nature of RL and the inherent randomness…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Ruofan Wu , Junmin Zhong , Jennie Si

This paper extends off-policy reinforcement learning to the multi-agent case in which a set of networked agents communicating with their neighbors according to a time-varying graph collaboratively evaluates and improves a target policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-20 Wesley Suttle , Zhuoran Yang , Kaiqing Zhang , Zhaoran Wang , Tamer Basar , Ji Liu