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Recent applications of Stackelberg Security Games (SSG), from wildlife crime to urban crime, have employed machine learning tools to learn and predict adversary behavior using available data about defender-adversary interactions. Given…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-11-23 Arunesh Sinha , Debarun Kar , Milind Tambe

We study a two-player Stackelberg game with incomplete information such that the follower's strategy belongs to a known family of parameterized functions with an unknown parameter vector. We design an adaptive learning approach to…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-01-12 Guosong Yang , Radha Poovendran , João P. Hespanha

This paper studies the problem of multi-step manipulative attacks in Stackelberg security games, in which a clever attacker attempts to orchestrate its attacks over multiple time steps to mislead the defender's learning of the attacker's…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-02 Thanh H. Nguyen , Arunesh Sinha

In Stackelberg security games when information about the attacker's payoffs is uncertain, algorithms have been proposed to learn the optimal defender commitment by interacting with the attacker and observing their best responses. In this…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-11-01 Jiarui Gan , Qingyu Guo , Long Tran-Thanh , Bo An , Michael Wooldridge

We consider a repeated sequential game between a learner, who plays first, and an opponent who responds to the chosen action. We seek to design strategies for the learner to successfully interact with the opponent. While most previous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-13 Pier Giuseppe Sessa , Ilija Bogunovic , Maryam Kamgarpour , Andreas Krause

Algorithms for playing in Stackelberg games have been deployed in real-world domains including airport security, anti-poaching efforts, and cyber-crime prevention. However, these algorithms often fail to take into consideration the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Keegan Harris , Zhiwei Steven Wu , Maria-Florina Balcan

Federated learning (FL) is susceptible to a range of security threats. Although various defense mechanisms have been proposed, they are typically non-adaptive and tailored to specific types of attacks, leaving them insufficient in the face…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Tao Li , Henger Li , Yunian Pan , Tianyi Xu , Zizhan Zheng , Quanyan Zhu

Recent research efforts indicate that federated learning (FL) systems are vulnerable to a variety of security breaches. While numerous defense strategies have been suggested, they are mainly designed to counter specific attack patterns and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Henger Li , Tianyi Xu , Tao Li , Yunian Pan , Quanyan Zhu , Zizhan Zheng

The Stackelberg security game is played between a defender and an attacker, where the defender needs to allocate a limited amount of resources to multiple targets in order to minimize the loss due to adversarial attack by the attacker.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Rufan Bai , Haoxing Lin , Xinyu Yang , Xiaowei Wu , Minming Li , Weijia Jia

In a Stackelberg game, a leader commits to a randomized strategy, and a follower chooses their best strategy in response. We consider an extension of a standard Stackelberg game, called a discrete-time dynamic Stackelberg game, that has an…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-02-11 Niklas Lauffer , Mahsa Ghasemi , Abolfazl Hashemi , Yagiz Savas , Ufuk Topcu

The present survey aims at presenting the current machine learning techniques employed in security games domains. Specifically, we focused on papers and works developed by the Teamcore of University of Southern California, which deepened…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-09-30 Giuseppe De Nittis , Francesco Trovò

We study a continuous-time stochastic Stackelberg game in which a leader seeks to accomplish a primary objective while inferring a hidden parameter of a rational follower. The follower solves an entropy-regularized tracking problem and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-08 Ruimeng Hu , Daniel Ralston , Xu Yang , Haosheng Zhou

This paper investigates the convergence of learning dynamics in Stackelberg games. In the class of games we consider, there is a hierarchical game being played between a leader and a follower with continuous action spaces. We establish a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-07 Tanner Fiez , Benjamin Chasnov , Lillian J. Ratliff

We study a Stackelberg game between one attacker and one defender in a configurable environment. The defender picks a specific environment configuration. The attacker observes the configuration and attacks via Reinforcement Learning (RL…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Diksha Goel , Aneta Neumann , Frank Neumann , Hung Nguyen , Mingyu Guo

The field of cybersecurity has mostly been a cat-and-mouse game with the discovery of new attacks leading the way. To take away an attacker's advantage of reconnaissance, researchers have proposed proactive defense methods such as Moving…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-22 Sailik Sengupta , Subbarao Kambhampati

Previous research has shown that federated learning (FL) systems are exposed to an array of security risks. Despite the proposal of several defensive strategies, they tend to be non-adaptive and specific to certain types of attacks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Yunian Pan , Tao Li , Henger Li , Tianyi Xu , Zizhan Zheng , Quanyan Zhu

Stackelberg security game models and associated computational tools have seen deployment in a number of high-consequence security settings, such as LAX canine patrols and Federal Air Marshal Service. These models focus on isolated systems…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2015-05-29 Jian Lou , Andrew M. Smith , Yevgeniy Vorobeychik

Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms have been successfully applied to real world situations like illegal smuggling, poaching, deforestation, climate change, airport security, etc. These scenarios can be framed as Stackelberg security…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Saptarashmi Bandyopadhyay , Chenqi Zhu , Philip Daniel , Joshua Morrison , Ethan Shay , John Dickerson

We develop an analytical Stackelberg game framework for optimal resource allocation in a sequential attacker--defender setting with a finite set of assets and probabilistic attacks. The defender commits to a mixed protection strategy, after…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Azhar Iqbal , James M. Chappell , Derek Abbott

Most models of Stackelberg security games assume that the attacker only knows the defender's mixed strategy, but is not able to observe (even partially) the instantiated pure strategy. Such partial observation of the deployed pure strategy…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2015-05-05 Haifeng Xu , Albert X. Jiang , Arunesh Sinha , Zinovi Rabinovich , Shaddin Dughmi , Milind Tambe
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