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We present STARC (Structured Annotations for Reading Comprehension), a new annotation framework for assessing reading comprehension with multiple choice questions. Our framework introduces a principled structure for the answer choices and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-01 Yevgeni Berzak , Jonathan Malmaud , Roger Levy

Overparameterized transformer networks have obtained state of the art results in various natural language processing tasks, such as machine translation, language modeling, and question answering. These models contain hundreds of millions of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-26 Angela Fan , Edouard Grave , Armand Joulin

Reasoning machine reading comprehension (R-MRC) aims to answer complex questions that require discrete reasoning based on text. To support discrete reasoning, evidence, typically the concise textual fragments that describe question-related…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Yongwei Zhou , Junwei Bao , Haipeng Sun , Jiahui Liang , Youzheng Wu , Xiaodong He , Bowen Zhou , Tiejun Zhao

Recent efforts in natural language processing (NLP) commonsense reasoning research have yielded a considerable number of new datasets and benchmarks. However, most of these datasets formulate commonsense reasoning challenges in artificial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Mete Ismayilzada , Debjit Paul , Syrielle Montariol , Mor Geva , Antoine Bosselut

Teaching a computer to read and answer general questions pertaining to a document is a challenging yet unsolved problem. In this paper, we describe a novel neural network architecture called the Reasoning Network (ReasoNet) for machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-21 Yelong Shen , Po-Sen Huang , Jianfeng Gao , Weizhu Chen

A challenge in creating a dataset for machine reading comprehension (MRC) is to collect questions that require a sophisticated understanding of language to answer beyond using superficial cues. In this work, we investigate what makes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-29 Saku Sugawara , Kentaro Inui , Satoshi Sekine , Akiko Aizawa

We present DREAM, the first dialogue-based multiple-choice reading comprehension dataset. Collected from English-as-a-foreign-language examinations designed by human experts to evaluate the comprehension level of Chinese learners of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-02-04 Kai Sun , Dian Yu , Jianshu Chen , Dong Yu , Yejin Choi , Claire Cardie

Our goal is procedural text comprehension, namely tracking how the properties of entities (e.g., their location) change with time given a procedural text (e.g., a paragraph about photosynthesis, a recipe). This task is challenging as the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-24 Xinya Du , Bhavana Dalvi Mishra , Niket Tandon , Antoine Bosselut , Wen-tau Yih , Peter Clark , Claire Cardie

Enabling a computer to understand a document so that it can answer comprehension questions is a central, yet unsolved goal of NLP. A key factor impeding its solution by machine learned systems is the limited availability of human-annotated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-08-10 Danqi Chen , Jason Bolton , Christopher D. Manning

Machine reading comprehension (MRC) requires reasoning about both the knowledge involved in a document and knowledge about the world. However, existing datasets are typically dominated by questions that can be well solved by context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-13 Yibo Sun , Daya Guo , Duyu Tang , Nan Duan , Zhao Yan , Xiaocheng Feng , Bing Qin

A critical part of reading is being able to understand the temporal relationships between events described in a passage of text, even when those relationships are not explicitly stated. However, current machine reading comprehension…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Qiang Ning , Hao Wu , Rujun Han , Nanyun Peng , Matt Gardner , Dan Roth

Automated scoring of open-ended student responses has the potential to significantly reduce human grader effort. Recent advances in automated scoring often leverage textual representations based on pre-trained language models such as BERT…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Nigel Fernandez , Aritra Ghosh , Naiming Liu , Zichao Wang , Benoît Choffin , Richard Baraniuk , Andrew Lan

Automatic readability assessment plays a key role in ensuring effective and accessible written communication. Despite significant progress, the field is hindered by inconsistent definitions of readability and measurements that rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Catarina G Belem , Parker Glenn , Alfy Samuel , Anoop Kumar , Daben Liu

Large language models show improved downstream task performance when prompted to generate step-by-step reasoning to justify their final answers. These reasoning steps greatly improve model interpretability and verification, but objectively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Olga Golovneva , Moya Chen , Spencer Poff , Martin Corredor , Luke Zettlemoyer , Maryam Fazel-Zarandi , Asli Celikyilmaz

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems are widely adopted in knowledge-intensive NLP tasks, but current evaluations often overlook the structural complexity and multi-step reasoning required in real-world scenarios. These benchmarks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Jeongsoo Lee , Daeyong Kwon , Kyohoon Jin

Reading Comprehension has received significant attention in recent years as high quality Question Answering (QA) datasets have become available. Despite state-of-the-art methods achieving strong overall accuracy, Multi-Hop (MH) reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-24 Alex Long , Joel Mason , Alan Blair , Wei Wang

Machine comprehension plays an essential role in NLP and has been widely explored with dataset like MCTest. However, this dataset is too simple and too small for learning true reasoning abilities. \cite{hermann2015teaching} therefore…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-05-16 Tian Tian , Yuezhang Li

The human ability of deep cognitive skills are crucial for the development of various real-world applications that process diverse and abundant user generated input. While recent progress of deep learning and natural language processing…

The task of definition detection is important for scholarly papers, because papers often make use of technical terminology that may be unfamiliar to readers. Despite prior work on definition detection, current approaches are far from being…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Dongyeop Kang , Andrew Head , Risham Sidhu , Kyle Lo , Daniel S. Weld , Marti A. Hearst

Reading order detection is the foundation of document understanding. Most existing methods rely on uniform supervision, implicitly assuming a constant difficulty distribution across layout regions. In this work, we challenge this assumption…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Fuyuan Liu , Dianyu Yu , He Ren , Nayu Liu , Xiaomian Kang , Delai Qiu , Fa Zhang , Genpeng Zhen , Shengping Liu , Jiaen Liang , Wei Huang , Yining Wang , Junnan Zhu