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Question generation (QG) is the task of generating a valid and fluent question based on a given context and the target answer. According to various purposes, even given the same context, instructors can ask questions about different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Shinhyeok Oh , Hyojun Go , Hyeongdon Moon , Yunsung Lee , Myeongho Jeong , Hyun Seung Lee , Seungtaek Choi

Text-editing models have recently become a prominent alternative to seq2seq models for monolingual text-generation tasks such as grammatical error correction, simplification, and style transfer. These tasks share a common trait - they…

This paper proposes a novel training method to improve the robustness of Extractive Question Answering (EQA) models. Previous research has shown that existing models, when trained on EQA datasets that include unanswerable questions,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Son Quoc Tran , Matt Kretchmar

Models that are learned from real-world data are often biased because the data used to train them is biased. This can propagate systemic human biases that exist and ultimately lead to inequitable treatment of people, especially minorities.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-01 Daniel McDuff , Shuang Ma , Yale Song , Ashish Kapoor

Generative models form the backbone of modern machine learning, underpinning state-of-the-art systems in text, vision, and multimodal applications. While Maximum Likelihood Estimation has traditionally served as the dominant training…

The emergence of reinforcement learning in post-training of large language models has sparked significant interest in reward models. Reward models assess the quality of sampled model outputs to generate training signals. This task is also…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Sebastian Gehrmann

Current approaches to text generation largely rely on autoregressive models and maximum likelihood estimation. This paradigm leads to (i) diverse but low-quality samples due to mismatched learning objective and evaluation metric (likelihood…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-04 Richard Yuanzhe Pang , He He

Reward models are used throughout the post-training of language models to capture nuanced signals from preference data and provide a training target for optimization across instruction following, reasoning, safety, and more domains. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Saumya Malik , Valentina Pyatkin , Sander Land , Jacob Morrison , Noah A. Smith , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Nathan Lambert

Real-world datasets often encode stereotypes and societal biases. Such biases can be implicitly captured by trained models, leading to biased predictions and exacerbating existing societal preconceptions. Existing debiasing methods, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Aili Shen , Xudong Han , Trevor Cohn , Timothy Baldwin , Lea Frermann

Large pre-trained language models (LMs) have been shown to perform surprisingly well when fine-tuned on tasks that require commonsense and world knowledge. However, in end-to-end architectures, it is difficult to explain what is the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Veronica Latcinnik , Jonathan Berant

To predict what someone will say is to model how they think. We study this through next-turn dialogue prediction: given a conversation, predict the next utterance produced by a person. We compare learning approaches along two dimensions:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Kanishk Gandhi , Agam Bhatia , Noah D. Goodman

In reinforcement learning (RL), agents continually interact with the environment and use the feedback to refine their behavior. To guide policy optimization, reward models are introduced as proxies of the desired objectives, such that when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Rui Yu , Shenghua Wan , Yucen Wang , Chen-Xiao Gao , Le Gan , Zongzhang Zhang , De-Chuan Zhan

Recent advancements in transformer-based models have greatly improved the ability of Question Answering (QA) systems to provide correct answers; in particular, answer sentence selection (AS2) models, core components of retrieval-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Chao-Chun Hsu , Eric Lind , Luca Soldaini , Alessandro Moschitti

With the increasing number of merchandise on e-commerce platforms, users tend to refer to reviews of other shoppers to decide which product they should buy. However, with so many reviews of a product, users often have to spend lots of time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-12 Yiren Liu , Kuan-Ying Lee

Despite the huge progress in myriad generation tasks, pretrained language models (LMs) such as GPT2 still tend to generate repetitive texts with maximization-based decoding algorithms for open-ended generation. We attribute their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Jian Guan , Minlie Huang

Question generation is a challenging task which aims to ask a question based on an answer and relevant context. The existing works suffer from the mismatching between question type and answer, i.e. generating a question with type $how$…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Wenjie Zhou , Minghua Zhang , Yunfang Wu

The correct specification of reward models is a well-known challenge in reinforcement learning. Hand-crafted reward functions often lead to inefficient or suboptimal policies and may not be aligned with user values. Reinforcement learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Muhan Lin , Shuyang Shi , Yue Guo , Behdad Chalaki , Vaishnav Tadiparthi , Ehsan Moradi Pari , Simon Stepputtis , Joseph Campbell , Katia Sycara

The development of trustworthy conversational information-seeking systems relies on dialogue models that can generate faithful and accurate responses based on relevant knowledge texts. However, two main challenges hinder this task. Firstly,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Wanyu Du , Yangfeng Ji

Language models are capable of iteratively improving their outputs based on natural language feedback, thus enabling in-context optimization of user preference. In place of human users, a second language model can be used as an evaluator,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Jane Pan , He He , Samuel R. Bowman , Shi Feng

Large language models pick up social biases from the data they are trained on and carry those biases into downstream applications, often reinforcing stereotypes around gender, race, religion, disability, age, and socioeconomic status. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Muneeb Ur Raheem Khan