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Automatic short answer grading is an important research direction in the exploration of how to use artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools to improve education. Current state-of-the-art approaches use neural language models to create…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Mengxue Zhang , Sami Baral , Neil Heffernan , Andrew Lan

We extend semi-supervised learning to the problem of domain adaptation to learn significantly higher-accuracy models that train on one data distribution and test on a different one. With the goal of generality, we introduce AdaMatch, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-16 David Berthelot , Rebecca Roelofs , Kihyuk Sohn , Nicholas Carlini , Alex Kurakin

Automated grading has become an essential tool in education technology due to its ability to efficiently assess large volumes of student work, provide consistent and unbiased evaluations, and deliver immediate feedback to enhance learning.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Calvin Yeung , Jeff Yu , King Chau Cheung , Tat Wing Wong , Chun Man Chan , Kin Chi Wong , Keisuke Fujii

Short answer assessment is a vital component of science education, allowing evaluation of students' complex three-dimensional understanding. Large language models (LLMs) that possess human-like ability in linguistic tasks are increasingly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Yucheng Chu , Peng He , Hang Li , Haoyu Han , Kaiqi Yang , Yu Xue , Tingting Li , Joseph Krajcik , Jiliang Tang

Providing evaluations to student work is a critical component of effective student learning, and automating its process can significantly reduce the workload on human graders. Automatic Short Answer Grading (ASAG) systems, enabled by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Chenyan Zhao , Mariana Silva , Seth Poulsen

Human adaptability relies crucially on learning and merging knowledge from both supervised and unsupervised tasks: the parents point out few important concepts, but then the children fill in the gaps on their own. This is particularly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-01 Silvia Bucci , Antonio D'Innocente , Yujun Liao , Fabio Maria Carlucci , Barbara Caputo , Tatiana Tommasi

Domain generalization (DG) aims at learning a model on source domains to well generalize on the unseen target domain. Although it has achieved great success, most of existing methods require the label information for all training samples in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Lei Qi , Hongpeng Yang , Yinghuan Shi , Xin Geng

Automatic grading of subjective questions remains a significant challenge in examination assessment due to the diversity in question formats and the open-ended nature of student responses. Existing works primarily focus on a specific type…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Fanwei Zhua , Jiaxuan He , Xiaoxiao Chen , Zulong Chen , Quan Lu , Chenrui Mei

Automated short-answer grading (ASAG) remains a challenging task due to the linguistic variability of student responses and the need for nuanced, rubric-aligned partial credit. While Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a promising solution,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Haotian Deng , Chris Farber , Jiyoon Lee , David Tang

Every four years, the PISA test is administered by the OECD to test the knowledge of teenage students worldwide and allow for comparisons of educational systems. However, having to avoid language differences and annotator bias makes the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Pavel Šindelář , Dávid Slivka , Christopher Bouma , Filip Prášil , Ondřej Bojar

Automated Short Answer Scoring (SAS) is the task of automatically scoring a given input to a prompt based on rubrics and reference answers. Although SAS is useful in real-world applications, both rubrics and reference answers differ between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Hiroaki Funayama , Yuya Asazuma , Yuichiroh Matsubayashi , Tomoya Mizumoto , Kentaro Inui

Automated short answer grading (ASAG) with large language models (LLMs) is commonly evaluated with aggregate metrics such as macro-F1 and Cohen's kappa. However, these metrics provide limited insight into how grading performance varies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Longwei Cong , Sonja Hahn , Sebastian Gombert , Leon Camus , Hendrik Drachsler , Ulf Kroehne

Worked examples are step-by-step solutions to problems in a specific domain, offered to students to acquire domain-specific problem-solving skills. The effectiveness of worked examples could be enhanced by combining them with…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Arun-Balajiee Lekshmi-Narayanan , Mohammad Hassany , Peter Brusilovsky

Automated short answer grading (ASAG) is critical for scaling educational assessment, yet large language models (LLMs) often struggle with hallucinations and strict rubric adherence due to their reliance on generalized pre-training. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Yucheng Chu , Haoyu Han , Shen Dong , Hang Li , Kaiqi Yang , Yasemin Copur-Gencturk , Joseph Krajcik , Namsoo Shin , Hui Liu

In education, the traditional Automatic Short Answer Grading (ASAG) with feedback problem has focused primarily on evaluating text-only responses. However, real-world assessments often include multimodal responses containing both diagrams…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Pritam Sil , Pushpak Bhattacharyya , Pawan Goyal , Ganesh Ramakrishnan

In many automatic speech recognition (ASR) tasks, an ideal model has to be applicable over multiple domains. In this paper, we propose to teach an all-rounder with experts in different domains. Concretely, we build a multi-domain acoustic…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-07-15 Zhao You , Dan Su , Dong Yu

Automatic grading models are valued for the time and effort saved during the instruction of large student bodies. Especially with the increasing digitization of education and interest in large-scale standardized testing, the popularity of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Anna Filighera , Sebastian Ochs , Tim Steuer , Thomas Tregel

Automated short answer scoring (ASAS) is shifting from discriminative, fine-tuned models to large language models (LLMs) used in few-shot settings. This paradigm leverages LLMs broad world knowledge and ease of deployment, but limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Abigail Victoria Gurin Schleifer , Moriah Ariely , Beata Beigman Klebanov , Asaf Salman , Giora Alexandron

Deep learning approaches are highly specialized and require training separate models for different tasks. Multi-domain learning looks at ways to learn a multitude of different tasks, each coming from a different domain, at once. The most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-26 Ali Senhaji , Jenni Raitoharju , Moncef Gabbouj , Alexandros Iosifidis

Self-supervised learning algorithms, including BERT and SimCLR, have enabled significant strides in fields like natural language processing, computer vision, and speech processing. However, these algorithms are domain-specific, meaning that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-09 Alex Tamkin , Vincent Liu , Rongfei Lu , Daniel Fein , Colin Schultz , Noah Goodman