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A major aim of gravitational wave astronomy is to test observationally the Kerr nature of black holes. The strongest such test, with minimal additional assumptions, is provided by observations of multiple ringdown modes, also known as black…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-10-10 Collin D. Capano , Jahed Abedi , Shilpa Kastha , Alexander H. Nitz , Julian Westerweck , Yi-Fan Wang , Miriam Cabero , Alex B. Nielsen , Badri Krishnan

The ringdown phase of a gravitational wave signal from a binary black hole merger offers a unique laboratory for testing general relativity in the strong-field regime and probing the properties of the final remnant black hole. In this…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-03 Hai-Tian Wang , Shao-Peng Tang , Peng-Cheng Li , Yi-Zhong Fan

We propose a novel, frequency-domain approach to the analysis of the gravitational-wave ringdown signal of binary black holes and the identification of quasinormal mode frequencies of the remnant. Our approach avoids the issues of spectral…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-01-11 Eliot Finch , Christopher J. Moore

We reanalyze the GW150914 post-merger data searching for quasinormal modes beyond the fundamental, quadrupolar mode. There is currently an ongoing disagreement in the literature about whether, and to what extent, the data contains evidence…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-08-09 Eliot Finch , Christopher J. Moore

The ringdown phase of a gravitational wave (GW) signal from a binary black hole merger provides valuable insights into the properties of the final black hole and serves as a critical test of general relativity in the strong-field regime. A…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-03-12 Hai-Tian Wang , Ziming Wang , Yiming Dong , Garvin Yim , Lijing Shao

The detection of quadratic quasi-normal modes would provide a direct probe into black hole nonlinear perturbations. We report the first observational evidence of a set of quadratic quasi-normal modes in the gravitational-wave ringdown of a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-12 Yi-Fan Wang , Sizheng Ma , Neev Khera , Huan Yang

The spectroscopic study of black hole quasinormal modes in gravitational-wave ringdown observations is hindered by our ignorance of which modes should dominate astrophysical signals for different binary configurations, limiting tests of…

We present a new method to search for gravitational waves from quasinormal modes in the ringdowns of the remnants of the mergers of the binary black hole systems. The method is based on maximum likelihood estimation. We derive a time-domain…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-28 A. Królak , O. Dorosh

We develop an analytical ringdown waveform model, including both the fundamental and the overtone quasinormal modes, for charged black holes and show that it is precise enough to analyze current gravitational wave data. Applying this…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-12-03 Hai-Tian Wang , Shao-Peng Tang , Peng-Cheng Li , Yi-Zhong Fan

The spectrum of the quasinormal modes of the gravitational waves emitted during the ringdown phase following the merger of two black holes is of primary importance in gravitational astronomy. However, the spectrum is extremely sensitive to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-07-30 A. Ianniccari , A. J. Iovino , A. Kehagias , P. Pani , G. Perna , D. Perrone , A. Riotto

We formulate a Bayesian framework to analyze ringdown gravitational waves from colliding binary black holes and test the no-hair theorem. The idea hinges on mode cleaning -- revealing subdominant oscillation modes by removing dominant ones…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-04-06 Sizheng Ma , Ling Sun , Yanbei Chen

Robust measurements of multiple black hole vibrational modes provide a unique opportunity to characterise gravity in extreme curvature and dynamical regimes, to better investigate the nature of compact objects and search for signs of new…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-03-07 Vasco Gennari , Gregorio Carullo , Walter Del Pozzo

After black holes collide, the remnant settles to a stationary state by emitting gravitational waves. Once non-linearities subside, these ringdown waves are dominated by exponentially-damped sinusoids, or quasinormal modes. We develop a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-11-05 Adrian Ka-Wai Chung , Nicolas Yunes

The first direct detection of gravitational waves by the LIGO collaboration, GW150914, marked the start of a new exciting era in astronomy, enabling the study of the Universe through a new messenger. Since then, the field has grown rapidly,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-03 Rossella Gamba , Jacob Lange , Danilo Chiaramello , Jacopo Tissino , Snehal Tibrewal

Ringdown gravitational waves of compact object binaries observed by ground-based gravitational-wave detectors encapsulate rich information to understand remnant objects after the merger and to test general relativity in the strong field. In…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-09-29 Norichika Sago , Soichiro Isoyama , Hiroyuki Nakano

Quasi-normal modes (QNMs) of a black hole (BH) are the eigen modes describing the dissipative oscillation of various fields in that spacetime, which can be intrinsically produced by the linear perturbation theory. With the discovery of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-12-02 Yuqian Zhao , Bing Sun , Zhan-Feng Mai , Zhoujian Cao

We analyze gravitational-wave data from the first LIGO detection of a binary black-hole merger (GW150914) in search of the ringdown of the remnant black hole. Using observations beginning at the peak of the signal, we find evidence of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-09-18 Maximiliano Isi , Matthew Giesler , Will M. Farr , Mark A. Scheel , Saul A. Teukolsky

The ringdown phase of a binary black-hole merger provides a clean probe of strong-field gravity, as it can be modeled with minimal assumptions. The quasi-normal-mode frequencies encode the mass and spin of the Kerr black-hole remnant, while…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-12-08 Chiara Anselmo , Costantino Pacilio , Davide Gerosa

Black-hole spectroscopy is a powerful tool to probe the Kerr nature of astrophysical compact objects and their environment. The observation of multiple ringdown modes in gravitational waveforms could soon lead to high-precision…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-07-23 Kyriakos Destounis , Francisco Duque

Black hole (BH) spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful approach to extract spacetime information from gravitational wave (GW) observed signals. Yet, quasinormal mode (QNM) spectral instability under high wave-number perturbations has been…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-06-08 José Luis Jaramillo , Rodrigo Panosso Macedo , Lamis Al Sheikh
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