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Process Reward Models (PRMs) enhance reasoning ability of LLMs by providing step-level supervision. However, their widespread adoption is limited due to expensive manual step-level annotation and poor generalization of static training data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Gurusha Juneja , Deepak Nathani , William Yang Wang

Reinforcement learning provides a powerful and general framework for decision making and control, but its application in practice is often hindered by the need for extensive feature and reward engineering. Deep reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-15 Justin Fu , Katie Luo , Sergey Levine

Adversarial examples are a challenging open problem for deep neural networks. We propose in this paper to add a penalization term that forces the decision function to be at in some regions of the input space, such that it becomes, at least…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-06 Ismaïla Seck , Gaëlle Loosli , Stephane Canu

Sensational headlines are headlines that capture people's attention and generate reader interest. Conventional abstractive headline generation methods, unlike human writers, do not optimize for maximal reader attention. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Peng Xu , Chien-Sheng Wu , Andrea Madotto , Pascale Fung

Large language models (LLMs) with explicit reasoning capabilities excel at mathematical reasoning yet still commit process errors, such as incorrect calculations, brittle logic, and superficially plausible but invalid steps. In this paper,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Qihao Liu , Luoxin Ye , Wufei Ma , Yu-Cheng Chou , Alan Yuille

Unlike traditional learning to rank models that depend on hand-crafted features, neural representation learning models learn higher level features for the ranking task by training on large datasets. Their ability to learn new features…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-05-10 Daniel Cohen , Bhaskar Mitra , Katja Hofmann , W. Bruce Croft

Preference-based reward learning is widely used for shaping agent behavior to match a user's preference, yet its sparse binary feedback makes it especially vulnerable to causal confusion. The learned reward often latches onto spurious…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Minjune Hwang , Yigit Korkmaz , Daniel Seita , Erdem Bıyık

Recent work has proposed several efficient approaches for generating gradient-based adversarial perturbations on embeddings and proved that the model's performance and robustness can be improved when they are trained with these contaminated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Yao Qiu , Jinchao Zhang , Jie Zhou

Semi-structured explanation depicts the implicit process of a reasoner with an explicit representation. This explanation highlights how available information in a specific query is utilised and supplemented with information a reasoner…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Jiuzhou Han , Wray Buntine , Ehsan Shareghi

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has been a commonly-used strategy for the abstractive summarization task to address both the exposure bias and non-differentiable task issues. However, the conventional reward Rouge-L simply looks for exact…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-12 Siyao Li , Deren Lei , Pengda Qin , William Yang Wang

Adversarial examples in NLP are receiving increasing research attention. One line of investigation is the generation of word-level adversarial examples against fine-tuned Transformer models that preserve naturalness and grammaticality.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Maximilian Mozes , Bennett Kleinberg , Lewis D. Griffin

Likelihood training and maximization-based decoding result in dull and repetitive generated texts even when using powerful language models (Holtzman et al., 2019). Adding a loss function for regularization was shown to improve text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-13 Evgeny Lagutin , Daniil Gavrilov , Pavel Kalaidin

Reward modeling is essential for aligning large language models with human preferences through reinforcement learning. To provide accurate reward signals, a reward model (RM) should stimulate deep thinking and conduct interpretable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Xiusi Chen , Gaotang Li , Ziqi Wang , Bowen Jin , Cheng Qian , Yu Wang , Hongru Wang , Yu Zhang , Denghui Zhang , Tong Zhang , Hanghang Tong , Heng Ji

We propose an approach towards natural language generation using a bidirectional encoder-decoder which incorporates external rewards through reinforcement learning (RL). We use attention mechanism and maximum mutual information as an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Vidhushini Srinivasan , Sashank Santhanam , Samira Shaikh

Sequence generation with reinforcement learning (RL) has received significant attention recently. However, a challenge with such methods is the sparse-reward problem in the RL training process, in which a scalar guiding signal is often only…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-05 Ruiyi Zhang , Changyou Chen , Zhe Gan , Wenlin Wang , Liqun Chen , Dinghan Shen , Guoyin Wang , Lawrence Carin

Text-to-SQL is a challenging task involving multiple reasoning-intensive subtasks, including natural language understanding, database schema comprehension, and precise SQL query formulation. Existing approaches often rely on handcrafted…

Reward-guided text generation (RGTG) has emerged as a viable alternative to offline reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). RGTG methods can align baseline language models to human preferences without further training like in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Ahmad Rashid , Ruotian Wu , Rongqi Fan , Hongliang Li , Agustinus Kristiadi , Pascal Poupart

This paper investigates the so-called reward-balancing methods, a novel class of algorithms for solving discounted-return reinforcement learning (RL) problems. These methods consist of iteratively adjusting the reward function to transform…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-23 Simone Baroncini , Bahman Gharesifard , Giuseppe Notarstefano

Headline generation is a special type of text summarization task. While the amount of available training data for this task is almost unlimited, it still remains challenging, as learning to generate headlines for news articles implies that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-01-24 Daniil Gavrilov , Pavel Kalaidin , Valentin Malykh

Data sparsity is one of the key challenges associated with model development in Natural Language Understanding (NLU) for conversational agents. The challenge is made more complex by the demand for high quality annotated utterances commonly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-11 Olga Golovneva , Charith Peris