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This position paper defends post-hoc explainability methods as legitimate tools for scientific knowledge production in machine learning. Addressing criticism of these methods' reliability and epistemic status, we develop a philosophical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Nick Oh

Deep learning models developed for time-series associated tasks have become more widely researched nowadays. However, due to the unintuitive nature of time-series data, the interpretability problem -- where we understand what is under the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Ziqi Zhao , Yucheng Shi , Shushan Wu , Fan Yang , Wenzhan Song , Ninghao Liu

The use of complex machine learning models can make systems opaque to users. Machine learning research proposes the use of post-hoc explanations. However, it is unclear if they give users insights into otherwise uninterpretable models. One…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-05-09 Martin Schuessler , Philipp Weiß

Explaining the behavior of black box machine learning models through human interpretable rules is an important research area. Recent work has focused on explaining model behavior locally i.e. for specific predictions as well as globally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-17 Sukriti Verma , Nikaash Puri , Piyush Gupta , Balaji Krishnamurthy

Although deep reinforcement learning has become a promising machine learning approach for sequential decision-making problems, it is still not mature enough for high-stake domains such as autonomous driving or medical applications. In such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-25 Claire Glanois , Paul Weng , Matthieu Zimmer , Dong Li , Tianpei Yang , Jianye Hao , Wulong Liu

With machine learning models being increasingly used to aid decision making even in high-stakes domains, there has been a growing interest in developing interpretable models. Although many supposedly interpretable models have been proposed,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Forough Poursabzi-Sangdeh , Daniel G. Goldstein , Jake M. Hofman , Jennifer Wortman Vaughan , Hanna Wallach

Post-hoc explainability is essential for understanding black-box machine learning models. Surrogate-based techniques are widely used for local and global model-agnostic explanations but have significant limitations. Local surrogates capture…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Simone Piaggesi , Riccardo Guidotti , Fosca Giannotti , Dino Pedreschi

With the broader and highly successful usage of machine learning in industry and the sciences, there has been a growing demand for Explainable AI. Interpretability and explanation methods for gaining a better understanding about the problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Wojciech Samek , Grégoire Montavon , Sebastian Lapuschkin , Christopher J. Anders , Klaus-Robert Müller

Interpretable machine learning has become a strong competitor for traditional black-box models. However, the possible loss of the predictive performance for gaining interpretability is often inevitable, putting practitioners in a dilemma of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-13 Tong Wang , Qihang Lin

Post-hoc explanations provide transparency and are essential for guiding model optimization, such as prompt engineering and data sanitation. However, applying model-agnostic techniques to Large Language Models (LLMs) is hindered by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Junhao Liu , Haonan Yu , Zhenyu Yan , Xin Zhang

From the statistical learning perspective, complexity control via explicit regularization is a necessity for improving the generalization of over-parameterized models. However, the impressive generalization performance of neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Taejong Joo , Uijung Chung

Recent years have seen the introduction of a range of methods for post-hoc explainability of image classifier predictions. However, these post-hoc explanations may not always be faithful to classifier predictions, which poses a significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Ruiwen Li , Zhibo Zhang , Jiani Li , Chiheb Trabelsi , Scott Sanner , Jongseong Jang , Yeonjeong Jeong , Dongsub Shim

Reinforcement learning policies are typically represented by black-box neural networks, which are non-interpretable and not well-suited for safety-critical domains. To address both of these issues, we propose constrained normalizing flow…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Finn Rietz , Erik Schaffernicht , Stefan Heinrich , Johannes A. Stork

Using feature attributions for post-hoc explanations is a common practice to understand and verify the predictions of opaque machine learning models. Despite the numerous techniques available, individual methods often produce inconsistent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Thomas Decker , Ananta R. Bhattarai , Jindong Gu , Volker Tresp , Florian Buettner

As the use of deep learning techniques has grown across various fields over the past decade, complaints about the opaqueness of the black-box models have increased, resulting in an increased focus on transparency in deep learning models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Siwen Luo , Hamish Ivison , Caren Han , Josiah Poon

With the availability of large databases and recent improvements in deep learning methodology, the performance of AI systems is reaching or even exceeding the human level on an increasing number of complex tasks. Impressive examples of this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-08-29 Wojciech Samek , Thomas Wiegand , Klaus-Robert Müller

The ability to interpret machine learning models has become increasingly important now that machine learning is used to inform consequential decisions. We propose an approach called model extraction for interpreting complex, blackbox…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-14 Osbert Bastani , Carolyn Kim , Hamsa Bastani

The lack of interpretability remains a key barrier to the adoption of deep models in many applications. In this work, we explicitly regularize deep models so human users might step through the process behind their predictions in little…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-17 Mike Wu , Michael C. Hughes , Sonali Parbhoo , Maurizio Zazzi , Volker Roth , Finale Doshi-Velez

To tackle interpretability in deep learning, we present a novel framework to jointly learn a predictive model and its associated interpretation model. The interpreter provides both local and global interpretability about the predictive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Jayneel Parekh , Pavlo Mozharovskyi , Florence d'Alché-Buc

Explainability is needed to establish confidence in machine learning results. Some explainable methods take a post hoc approach to explain the weights of machine learning models, others highlight areas of the input contributing to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Paul Whitten , Francis Wolff , Chris Papachristou