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Recent research has suggested that there are clear differences in the language used in the Dark Web compared to that of the Surface Web. As studies on the Dark Web commonly require textual analysis of the domain, language models specific to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Youngjin Jin , Eugene Jang , Jian Cui , Jin-Woo Chung , Yongjae Lee , Seungwon Shin

We collect and analyze the darkweb (a.k.a. the "onionweb") hyperlink graph. We find properties highly dissimilar to the well-studied world wide web hyperlink graph; for example, our analysis finds that >87% of darkweb sites never link to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-04-27 Virgil Griffith , Yang Xu , Carlo Ratti

The ability to accurately detect and filter offensive content automatically is important to ensure a rich and diverse digital discourse. Trolling is a type of hurtful or offensive content that is prevalent in social media, but is…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Hitkul , Karmanya Aggarwal , Pakhi Bamdev , Debanjan Mahata , Rajiv Ratn Shah , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru

Online social media has become increasingly popular in recent years due to its ease of access and ability to connect with others. One of social media's main draws is its anonymity, allowing users to share their thoughts and opinions without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Vigneshwaran Shankaran , Rajesh Sharma

Anonymity systems such as Tor aim to enable users to communicate in a manner that is untraceable by adversaries that control a small number of machines. To provide efficient service to users, these anonymity systems make full use of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Prateek Mittal , Ahmed Khurshid , Joshua Juen , Matthew Caesar , Nikita Borisov

Internet users highly rely on and trust web search engines, such as Google, to find relevant information online. However, scholars have documented numerous biases and inaccuracies in search outputs. To improve the quality of search results,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Aleksandra Urman , Aniko Hannak , Mykola Makhortykh

Recent years have seen increased interest in the online presence of extreme right groups. Although originally composed of dedicated websites, the online extreme right milieu now spans multiple networks, including popular social media…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2013-05-17 Derek O'Callaghan , Derek Greene , Maura Conway , Joe Carthy , Pádraig Cunningham

The deep and darkweb (d2web) refers to limited access web sites that require registration, authentication, or more complex encryption protocols to access them. These web sites serve as hubs for a variety of illicit activities: to trade…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-03-04 Nazgol Tavabi , Nathan Bartley , Andrés Abeliuk , Sandeep Soni , Emilio Ferrara , Kristina Lerman

Online services that desire to operate anonymously routinely host themselves as 'Hidden Services' in the Tor network. However, these services are frequently threatened by deanonymization attacks, whereby their IP address and location may be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Humza Ikram , Rumaisa Habib , Muaz Ali , Zartash Afzal Uzmi

Tor is the most well-known tool for circumventing censorship. Unfortunately, Tor traffic has been shown to be detectable using deep-packet inspection. WebRTC is a popular web frame-work that enables browser-to-browser connections. Snowflake…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-15 Kyle MacMillan , Jordan Holland , Prateek Mittal

In this study, we reveal, for the first time, popular online social networks (especially Twitter) are being extensively abused by miscreants to promote illicit goods and services of diverse categories. This study is made possible by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Hongyu Wang , Ying Li , Ronghong Huang , Xianghang Mi

Toxicity is an increasingly common and severe issue in online spaces. Consequently, a rich line of machine learning research over the past decade has focused on computationally detecting and mitigating online toxicity. These efforts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Wenbo Zhang , Hangzhi Guo , Ian D Kivlichan , Vinodkumar Prabhakaran , Davis Yadav , Amulya Yadav

In the era of big data, we continuously - and at times unknowingly - leave behind digital traces, by browsing, sharing, posting, liking, searching, watching, and listening to online content. When aggregated, these digital traces can provide…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-02-23 David Graus

The Tor network enhances clients' privacy by routing traffic through an overlay network of volunteered intermediate relays. Tor employs a distributed protocol among nine hard-coded Directory Authority (DA) servers to securely disseminate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Zhongtang Luo , Adithya Bhat , Kartik Nayak , Aniket Kate

This research investigated how online criminal activities can be better understood and connected using data-driven machine learning methods. Many illegal activities, such as human trafficking and illicit trade, have moved to online…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Vageesh Kumar Saxena

Privacy is a well-understood concept in the physical world, with us all desiring some escape from the public gaze. However, while individuals might recognise locking doors as protecting privacy, they have difficulty practising equivalent…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-07-17 Meredydd Williams , Jason R. C. Nurse , Sadie Creese

Dark humor often relies on subtle cultural nuances and implicit cues that require contextual reasoning to interpret, posing safety challenges that current static benchmarks fail to capture. To address this, we introduce a novel multimodal,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Ahmed Sharshar , Hosam Elgendy , Saad El Dine Ahmed , Yasser Rohaim , Yuxia Wang

Internet censorship is enforced by numerous governments worldwide, however, due to the lack of publicly available information, as well as the inherent risks of performing active measurements, it is often hard for the research community to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2014-11-06 Abdelberi Chaabane , Terence Chen , Mathieu Cunche , Emiliano De Cristofaro , Arik Friedman , Mohamed Ali Kaafar

Website fingerprinting (WF) is a dangerous attack on web privacy because it enables an adversary to predict the website a user is visiting, despite the use of encryption, VPNs, or anonymizing networks such as Tor. Previous WF work almost…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Rob Jansen , Ryan Wails , Aaron Johnson

Toxic Online Content (TOC) includes messages on digital platforms that are harmful, hostile, or damaging to constructive public discourse. Individuals, organizations, and LLMs respond to TOC through counterspeech or counternarrative…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Lisa Schirch , Kristina Radivojevic , Cathy Buerger