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We consider a distributionally robust Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (DR-POMDP), where the distribution of the transition-observation probabilities is unknown at the beginning of each decision period, but their realizations…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-12-09 Hideaki Nakao , Ruiwei Jiang , Siqian Shen

This work studies the problem of batch off-policy evaluation for Reinforcement Learning in partially observable environments. Off-policy evaluation under partial observability is inherently prone to bias, with risk of arbitrarily large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-26 Guy Tennenholtz , Shie Mannor , Uri Shalit

This paper studies the sample-efficiency of learning in Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs), a challenging problem in reinforcement learning that is known to be exponentially hard in the worst-case. Motivated by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Jiacheng Guo , Minshuo Chen , Huan Wang , Caiming Xiong , Mengdi Wang , Yu Bai

In real-world reinforcement learning (RL) scenarios, agents often encounter partial observability, where incomplete or noisy information obscures the true state of the environment. Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Ashok Arora , Neetesh Kumar

Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) provide an elegant mathematical framework for modeling complex decision and planning problems in stochastic domains in which states of the system are observable only indirectly, via a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-06-02 M. Hauskrecht

Robotic systems deployed in real-world environments often operate under conditions of partial and often intermittent observability, where sensor inputs may be noisy, occluded, or entirely unavailable due to failures or environmental…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Youzhi Liang , Eyan Noronha

In many engineering systems, proper predictive maintenance and operational control are essential to increase efficiency and reliability while reducing maintenance costs. However, one of the major challenges is that many sensors are used for…

Applications · Statistics 2025-12-09 Boyang Xu , Yunyi Kang , Xinyu Zhao , Hao Yan , Feng Ju

Autonomous systems are often required to operate in partially observable environments. They must reliably execute a specified objective even with incomplete information about the state of the environment. We propose a methodology to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-01-14 Maxime Bouton , Jana Tumova , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Delays frequently occur in real-world environments, yet standard reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms often assume instantaneous perception of the environment. We study random sensor delays in POMDPs, where observations may arrive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Armin Karamzade , Kyungmin Kim , JB Lanier , Davide Corsi , Roy Fox

Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) are a general mathematical model for sequential decision-making in stochastic environments under state uncertainty. POMDPs are often solved \textit{online}, which enables the algorithm…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Yunuo Zhang , Baiting Luo , Ayan Mukhopadhyay , Abhishek Dubey

We consider a class of sequential decision-making problems under uncertainty that can encompass various types of supervised learning concepts. These problems have a completely observed state process and a partially observed modulation…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-08-24 R. Reid Bishop , Chelsea C. White

Decision-making under uncertainty is a crucial ability for autonomous systems. In its most general form, this problem can be formulated as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP). The solution policy of a POMDP can be…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-04-09 Sung-Kyun Kim , Rohan Thakker , Ali-akbar Agha-mohammadi

POMDPs capture a broad class of decision making problems, but hardness results suggest that learning is intractable even in simple settings due to the inherent partial observability. However, in many realistic problems, more information is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Jonathan N. Lee , Alekh Agarwal , Christoph Dann , Tong Zhang

Much of reinforcement learning theory is built on top of oracles that are computationally hard to implement. Specifically for learning near-optimal policies in Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs), existing algorithms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Noah Golowich , Ankur Moitra , Dhruv Rohatgi

Learning-based approaches to verifying unknown Markov decision processes (MDPs) often employ uncertain MDPs. These models use, for example, confidence intervals to capture transition uncertainty and allow synthesis of policies that are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Yannik Schnitzer , Alessandro Abate , David Parker

We study reinforcement learning for partially observed Markov decision processes (POMDPs) with infinite observation and state spaces, which remains less investigated theoretically. To this end, we make the first attempt at bridging partial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Qi Cai , Zhuoran Yang , Zhaoran Wang

Applications of Reinforcement Learning (RL), in which agents learn to make a sequence of decisions despite lacking complete information about the latent states of the controlled system, that is, they act under partial observability of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Qinghua Liu , Alan Chung , Csaba Szepesvári , Chi Jin

The partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) provides a principled general model for planning under uncertainty. However, solving a general POMDP is computationally intractable in the worst case. This paper introduces…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-02-24 Min Chen , Emilio Frazzoli , David Hsu , Wee Sun Lee

This paper addresses the challenge of a particular class of noisy state observations in Markov Decision Processes (MDPs), a common issue in various real-world applications. We focus on modeling this uncertainty through a confusion matrix…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Amirhossein Afsharrad , Sanjay Lall

Many medical decision-making tasks can be framed as partially observed Markov decision processes (POMDPs). However, prevailing two-stage approaches that first learn a POMDP and then solve it often fail because the model that best fits the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-04-01 Joseph Futoma , Michael C. Hughes , Finale Doshi-Velez