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A key element of understanding the efficacy of overparameterized neural networks is characterizing how they represent functions as the number of weights in the network approaches infinity. In this paper, we characterize the norm required to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-04 Greg Ongie , Rebecca Willett , Daniel Soudry , Nathan Srebro

The universal approximation property of width-bounded networks has been studied as a dual of classical universal approximation results on depth-bounded networks. However, the critical width enabling the universal approximation has not been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Sejun Park , Chulhee Yun , Jaeho Lee , Jinwoo Shin

This article concerns the expressive power of depth in deep feed-forward neural nets with ReLU activations. Specifically, we answer the following question: for a fixed $d_{in}\geq 1,$ what is the minimal width $w$ so that neural nets with…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-03-13 Boris Hanin , Mark Sellke

This article concerns the expressive power of depth in neural nets with ReLU activations and bounded width. We are particularly interested in the following questions: what is the minimal width $w_{\text{min}}(d)$ so that ReLU nets of width…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-10-22 Boris Hanin

We determine the minimal width of $p$-adic neural networks with the universal approximation property for continuous $\mathbb Q_p$-valued functions on compact open subsets with respect to the $L_q$ norms and the $C_1$ norm, where the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-03 Sándor Z. Kiss , Ambrus Pál

In this work, we consider the approximation of a large class of bounded functions, with minimal regularity assumptions, by ReLU neural networks. We show that the approximation error can be bounded from above by a quantity proportional to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-27 Owen Davis , Gianluca Geraci , Mohammad Motamed

The exact minimum width that allows for universal approximation of unbounded-depth networks is known only for ReLU and its variants. In this work, we study the minimum width of networks using general activation functions. Specifically, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Jonghyun Shin , Namjun Kim , Geonho Hwang , Sejun Park

A recurrent neural network (RNN) is a widely used deep-learning network for dealing with sequential data. Imitating a dynamical system, an infinite-width RNN can approximate any open dynamical system in a compact domain. In general, deep…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-03-30 Chang hoon Song , Geonho Hwang , Jun ho Lee , Myungjoo Kang

We contribute to a better understanding of the class of functions that can be represented by a neural network with ReLU activations and a given architecture. Using techniques from mixed-integer optimization, polyhedral theory, and tropical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Christoph Hertrich , Amitabh Basu , Marco Di Summa , Martin Skutella

A well-known line of work (Barron, 1993; Breiman, 1993; Klusowski & Barron, 2018) provides bounds on the width $n$ of a ReLU two-layer neural network needed to approximate a function $f$ over the ball $\mathcal{B}_R(\mathbb{R}^d)$ up to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-29 Carles Domingo-Enrich , Youssef Mroueh

This work suggests using sampling theory to analyze the function space represented by neural networks. First, it shows, under the assumption of a finite input domain, which is the common case in training neural networks, that the function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-28 Raja Giryes

This paper analyzes representations of continuous piecewise linear functions with infinite width, finite cost shallow neural networks using the rectified linear unit (ReLU) as an activation function. Through its integral representation, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Sarah McCarty

We study the problem of estimating an unknown function from noisy data using shallow ReLU neural networks. The estimators we study minimize the sum of squared data-fitting errors plus a regularization term proportional to the squared…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-01-24 Rahul Parhi , Robert D. Nowak

The realization function of a shallow ReLU network is a continuous and piecewise affine function $f:\mathbb R^d\to \mathbb R$, where the domain $\mathbb R^{d}$ is partitioned by a set of $n$ hyperplanes into cells on which $f$ is affine. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-13 S. Dereich , S. Kassing

Neural networks often operate in the overparameterized regime, in which there are far more parameters than training samples, allowing the training data to be fit perfectly. That is, training the network effectively learns an interpolating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Suzanna Parkinson , Greg Ongie , Rebecca Willett

Determining the minimum width of fully connected neural networks has become a fundamental problem in recent theoretical studies of deep neural networks. In this paper, we study the lower bounds and upper bounds of the minimum width required…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Xiao-Song Yang , Qi Zhou , Xuan Zhou

We study the size of a neural network needed to approximate the maximum function over $d$ inputs, in the most basic setting of approximating with respect to the $L_2$ norm, for continuous distributions, for a network that uses ReLU…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Itay Safran , Daniel Reichman , Paul Valiant

This paper investigates the ability of finite samples to identify two-layer irreducible shallow networks with various nonlinear activation functions, including rectified linear units (ReLU) and analytic functions such as the logistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Yu Xia , Zhiqiang Xu

We study norm-based uniform convergence bounds for neural networks, aiming at a tight understanding of how these are affected by the architecture and type of norm constraint, for the simple class of scalar-valued one-hidden-layer networks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-23 Gal Vardi , Ohad Shamir , Nathan Srebro

In this effort, we derive a formula for the integral representation of a shallow neural network with the ReLU activation function. We assume that the outer weighs admit a finite $L_1$-norm with respect to Lebesgue measure on the sphere. For…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-12 Armenak Petrosyan , Anton Dereventsov , Clayton Webster
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