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We investigate Clifford+$T$ quantum circuits with a small number of $T$-gates. Using the sparsification lemma, we identify time complexity lower bounds in terms of $T$-gate count below which a strong simulator would improve on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-26 Cupjin Huang , Michael Newman , Mario Szegedy

We introduce an enhanced technique for strong classical simulation of quantum circuits which combines the `sum-of-stabilisers' method with an automated simplification strategy based on the ZX-calculus. Recently it was shown that quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-05 Aleks Kissinger , John van de Wetering

Randomized benchmarking is an experimental procedure intended to demonstrate control of quantum systems. The procedure extracts the average error introduced by a set of control operations. When the target set of operations is intended to be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-27 Adam M. Meier

A major challenge in developing quantum computing technologies is to accomplish high precision tasks by utilizing multiplex optimization approaches, on both the physical system and algorithm levels. Loss functions assessing the overall…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-03 Zhen Wang , Yanzhu Chen , Zixuan Song , Dayue Qin , Hekang Li , Qiujiang Guo , H. Wang , Chao Song , Ying Li

Determining the quantum-classical boundary between quantum circuits which can be efficiently simulated classically and those which cannot remains a fundamental question. One approach to classical simulation is to represent the output of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-06 Zejun Liu , Bryan K. Clark

We propose quantum algorithms that provide provable speedups for Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods commonly used for sampling from probability distributions of the form $\pi \propto e^{-f}$, where $f$ is a potential function. Our…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-07 Guneykan Ozgul , Xiantao Li , Mehrdad Mahdavi , Chunhao Wang

Mid-circuit measurements and measurement-controlled gates are supported by an increasing number of quantum hardware platforms and will become more relevant as an essential building block for quantum error correction. However, mid-circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-27 Yanbin Chen , Innocenzo Fulginiti , Christian B. Mendl

In this work we improve the runtime of recent classical algorithms for strong simulation of quantum circuits composed of Clifford and T gates. The improvement is obtained by establishing a new upper bound on the stabilizer rank of $m$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-22 Hammam Qassim , Hakop Pashayan , David Gosset

We describe a scalable experimental protocol for obtaining estimates of the error rate of individual quantum computational gates. This protocol, in which random Clifford gates are interleaved between a gate of interest, provides a bounded…

We show that several quantum circuit families can be simulated efficiently classically if it is promised that their output distribution is approximately sparse i.e. the distribution is close to one where only a polynomially small, a priori…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-10-28 Martin Schwarz , Maarten Van den Nest

The Clifford group is a finite subgroup of the unitary group generated by the Hadamard, the CNOT, and the Phase gates. This group plays a prominent role in quantum error correction, randomized benchmarking protocols, and the study of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-17 Sergey Bravyi , Ruslan Shaydulin , Shaohan Hu , Dmitri Maslov

Hamiltonian simulation is a key quantum algorithm for modeling complex systems. To implement a Hamiltonian simulation, it is typically decomposed into a list of Pauli strings, each corresponds to an RZ rotation gate with many Clifford…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-16 Yingheng Li , Xulong Tang , Paul Hovland , Ji Liu

A powerful method for analyzing quantum error-correcting codes is to map them onto classical statistical mechanics models. Such mappings have thus far mostly focused on static codes, possibly subject to repeated syndrome measurements.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-19 Cory T. Aitchison , Benjamin Béri

Accurately estimating observables on noisy quantum devices remains a central challenge for near-term quantum algorithms. While quantum error mitigation techniques can reduce noise-induced bias, they often rely on unverifiable assumptions…

Quantum computers are poised to radically outperform their classical counterparts by manipulating coherent quantum systems. A realistic quantum computer will experience errors due to the environment and imperfect control. When these errors…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-21 Joel J. Wallman , Joseph Emerson

Executing quantum algorithms on a quantum computer requires compilation to representations that conform to all restrictions imposed by the device. Due to devices' limited coherence times and gate fidelities, the compilation process has to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Sarah Schneider , Lukas Burgholzer , Robert Wille

We present a protocol for Interleaved Randomized Benchmarking of arbitrary quantum gates using Monte Carlo sampling of quantum states. It is generally applicable, including non-Clifford gates while preserving key advantages of Randomized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-11 Tobias Chasseur , Daniel M. Reich , Christiane P. Koch , Frank K. Wilhelm

Bravyi and Gosset recently gave classical simulation algorithms for quantum circuits dominated by Clifford operations. These algorithms scale exponentially with the number of T-gate in the circuit, but polynomially in the number of qubits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-15 Yifei Huang , Peter Love

Nonstabilizerness or `magic' is a key resource for quantum computing and a necessary condition for quantum advantage. Non-Clifford operations turn stabilizer states into resourceful states, where the amount of nonstabilizerness is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-06 Tobias Haug , Leandro Aolita , M. S. Kim

Dynamic circuits use real-time outcomes of mid-circuit measurements, processed by a classical controller, to adapt subsequent operations during circuit execution. This additional flexibility over static circuits comes at a price.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Innocenzo Fulginiti , Yanbin Chen , Christian B. Mendl , Helmut Seidl